Panperissodactyla ("all perissodactyls", alternatively spelled Pan-Perissodactyla) is a clade of

ungulates Ungulates ( ) are members of the diverse clade Euungulata ("true ungulates"), which primarily consists of large mammals with hooves. Once part of the clade "Ungulata" along with the clade Paenungulata, "Ungulata" has since been determined to b ...

containing living order

Perissodactyla Perissodactyla (, ), or odd-toed ungulates, is an order of ungulates. The order includes about 17 living species divided into three families: Equidae (horses, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs). They t ...

(odd-toed ungulates) and all extinct ungulates more closely related to Perissodactyla than to

Artiodactyla Artiodactyls are placental mammals belonging to the order (biology), order Artiodactyla ( , ). Typically, they are ungulates which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes (the third and fourth, often in the form of a hoof ...

(even-toed ungulates). Groups thought to belong to this clade include Anthracobunia (including the families Anthracobunidae and Cambaytheriidae) known from the

Paleogene The Paleogene Period ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma. It is the fir ...

of the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...

, as well as the

South American native ungulate South American native ungulates, commonly abbreviated as SANUs, are extinct ungulate-like mammals that were indigenous to South America from the Paleocene (from at least 63 million years ago) until the end of the Late Pleistocene (~12,000 years a ...

groups Litopterna and

Notoungulata Notoungulata is an extinct order of ungulates that inhabited South America from the early Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene, living from approximately 61 million to 11,000 years ago. Notoungulates were morphologically diverse, with forms re ...

, both of which went extinct approximately 12,000 years ago. Other South American native ungulate groups also possibly belong to the clade, but their placement is uncertain. The enigmatic aquatic Desmostylia have also been suggested to be related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover them as members of

afrotheria Afrotheria ( from Latin ''Afro-'' "of Africa" + ''theria'' "wild beast") is a superorder of placental mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, elephan ...

n clade Tethytheria. The Northern Hemisphere "

condylarth Condylarthra is an informal group – previously considered an Order (biology), order – of extinct placental mammals, known primarily from the Paleocene and Eocene epochs. They are considered early, primitive ungulates and is now largely consid ...

" group Phenacodontidae has been placed as closely related to perissodactyls in some studies, though others recover it as unrelated.

Classification and phylogeny

History of phylogeny

Panperissodactyla was coined in 2015, to include all mammals more closely related to living perissodactyls than to any other living mammals, following a proteomic study which found Notoungulata and Litopterna to be closely related to Perissodactyla. Panperissodactyla is preferred over the older Mesaxonia which was originally coined by

Othniel Charles Marsh Othniel Charles Marsh (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) was an American professor of paleontology. A prolific fossil collector, Marsh was one of the preeminent paleontologists of the nineteenth century. Among his legacies are the discovery or ...

in 1884, as equivalent to the modern Perissodactyla.

Richard Owen Sir Richard Owen (20 July 1804 – 18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomy, comparative anatomist and paleontology, palaeontologist. Owen is generally considered to have been an outstanding naturalist with a remarkabl ...

's original definition of Perissodactyla included the modern members in addition to the now known to be unrelated

Hyracoidea Hyraxes (), also called dassies, are small, stout, thickset, herbivorous mammals in the family (biology), family Procaviidae within the Order (biology), order Hyracoidea. Hyraxes are well-furred, rotund animals with short tails. Modern hyraxes ...

. The name Mesaxonia was resurrected by Martin S. Fischer in 1989 as a replacement for Perissodactyla. Perissodactylamorpha a clade coined to include Anthracobunia and Perissodactyla, is thought to be a subgroup of Panperissodactyla, as Anthracobunia is suggested to be more closely related to Perissodactyla than Notoungulata and Litopterna are.

Taxonomy

* ''Clade'': Pan-Perissodactyla (= Panperissodactyla) ** Family: † Phenacodontidae ref name="WelkerCollins2015"/> ** ''Clade'': †

Meridiungulata South American native ungulates, commonly abbreviated as SANUs, are extinct ungulate-like mammals that were indigenous to South America from the Paleocene (from at least 63 million years ago) until the end of the Late Pleistocene (~12,000 years a ...

*** Order: † Litopterna *** Order: †

*** Order: † Xenungulata? *** Order: †

Pyrotheria Pyrotheria is an order (biology), order of extinct South American native ungulates, meridiungulate mammals. These elephant-like ungulates include the genus, genera ''Baguatherium'', ''Carolozittelia'', ''Colombitherium'', ''Griphodon'', ''Propyr ...

? *** Order: †

Astrapotheria Astrapotheria is an extinct order of South American and Antarctic hoofed mammals that existed from the late Paleocene to the Middle Miocene, ."The uruguaytheriine Astrapotheriidae from the rich middle Miocene Honda Group of the upper Magdalena R ...

? ** ''Clade'': Perissodactylamorpha *** Order:

(odd-toed ungulates) *** ''Clade'': †Anthracobunia **** Genus: †'' Radinskya'' ref name="Rose et al, 2019"/> **** Family: † Anthracobunidae **** Family: † Cambaytheriidae **** Order: † Desmostylia ref name="Cooper2014"/>

References

External links

* * {{Taxonbar, from1=Q125762626, from2=Q125762739, from3=Q6821149 Ungulates Mammal unranked clades Controversial mammal taxa Taxa described in 2015