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Hadramaut sand lizard (''Mesalina adramitana''), is a species of sand-dwelling
lizard Lizard is the common name used for all Squamata, squamate reptiles other than snakes (and to a lesser extent amphisbaenians), encompassing over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most Island#Oceanic isla ...
in the genus ''Mesalina''. The origin of this species is estimated to be around 8 Mya and receives its name from its type locality, the
Hadramaut Hadhramaut ( ; ) is a geographic region in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula which includes the Yemeni governorates of Hadhramaut, Shabwah and Mahrah, Dhofar in southwestern Oman, and Sharurah in the Najran Province of Saudi Ar ...
region.


Distribution/Habitat

''Mesalina adramitana'' can be found distributed through the Southern
Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula (, , or , , ) or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated north-east of Africa on the Arabian plate. At , comparable in size to India, the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world. Geographically, the ...
,
Qatar Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia. It occupies the Geography of Qatar, Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares Qatar–Saudi Arabia border, its sole land b ...
,
Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...
,
Oman Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia and the Middle East. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Oman’s coastline ...
,
United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is a Federal monarchy, federal elective monarchy made up of Emirates of the United Arab E ...
, and
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...
. Populations have been recorded from both gravel plains, but also in flat desert plains; that lack
vegetation Vegetation is an assemblage of plants and the ground cover they provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular Taxon, taxa, life forms, structure, Spatial ecology, spatial extent, or any other specific Botany, botanic ...
. Evidence confirms there are two distinct lineages of ''M. adramitana'' referred to as South and North. While these two lineages prefer similar habitats ''M. adramitana'' differ in their temperature preference. ''Mesalina adramitana'' South tolerates lower temperatures and occupies areas with lower precipitation compared to ''M. adramitana'' North, occurring in warmer areas with a preference for higher precipitation levels.


Biogeography

''Mesalina adramitana'' has five distinct lineages with two divergent sister lineages that have adapted to differing environmental and climatic conditions in their own regions. ''Mesalina adramitana'' South appears to have no apparent barriers to dispersal, as all of southern
Oman Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia and the Middle East. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Oman’s coastline ...
is suitible for ''M. adramitana lineages'', leading to the association with the isolation-by-distance model. The ''M. adramitana'' North lineage is surrounded by unsuitable habitat (The
Hajar Mountains The Hajar Mountains (, ''The Rock (geology), Rocky Mountains'' or ''The Stone Mountains'') are one of the highest mountain ranges in the Arabian Peninsula, shared between northern Oman and eastern United Arab Emirates. Also known as "Oman Mounta ...
of northern
Oman Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia and the Middle East. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Oman’s coastline ...
), that presents a barrier to dispersal and therefore restricts
gene flow In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic variation, genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations will have equivalent ...
.


Ecology


Diet

''Mesalina adramitana'' has a diet that consists of insects with
ants Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of ...
being the main prey. ''Mesalina adramitana'' hunt during the daylight hours and have been observed feeding during the early evening under road lighting. ''Mesalina adramitana'' have been observed to be prey for
shrikes Shrikes () are passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 34 species in two genera. The family name, and that of the larger genus, ''Lanius'', is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known ...
as this species has been found impaled on palm trees, which, indicates
shrike Shrikes () are passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 34 species in two genera. The family name, and that of the larger genus, '' Lanius'', is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known ...
predation.


Reproduction

''Mesalina adramitana'' are
oviparous Oviparous animals are animals that reproduce by depositing fertilized zygotes outside the body (i.e., by laying or spawning) in metabolically independent incubation organs known as eggs, which nurture the embryo into moving offsprings kno ...
, meaning they lay eggs rather than live babies.


Phenotype

Morphological differentiation and color variations occur among distinct populations of ''M. adramitana''. ''Mesalina adramitana'' is distinguished by an unmarked center along the back bordered by dotted lines on either side. Below the dotted line is a lighter stripe and then a dark strip along the sides and then a cream-colored underbelly. While this pattern can vary, ''M. adramitana'' always tend to have dark sides with light spots. Scales are smooth along the surface of the lower leg. Adult snout length ranges from 42 mm to 46 mm.


Conservation

''Mesalina adramitana'' in 2012 was assessed by the
IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological ...
of Threatened Species where it was listed as
least concern A least-concern species is a species that has been evaluated and categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as not being a focus of wildlife conservation because the specific species is still plentiful in the wil ...
due to the lack of outstanding threats and the species large range. ''Mesalina adramitana'' occurs in at least one protected area where in-place land/water protection are prevalent but there has ultimately been a continuous decline in area, extent and/or quality of
habitat In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species' habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ...
. Oman has 22 areas dispersed through the country established for the protection and conservation of species. Many areas within the
Hajar Mountains The Hajar Mountains (, ''The Rock (geology), Rocky Mountains'' or ''The Stone Mountains'') are one of the highest mountain ranges in the Arabian Peninsula, shared between northern Oman and eastern United Arab Emirates. Also known as "Oman Mounta ...
and throughout the rest of
Oman Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia and the Middle East. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Oman’s coastline ...
remain unprotected with 3.91% of the
country A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. When referring to a specific polity, the term "country" may refer to a sovereign state, state with limited recognition, constituent country, ...
having no coverage for
protected areas Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural or cultural values. Protected areas are those areas in which human presence or the exploitation of natural resources (e.g. firewoo ...
.


References

adramitana Reptiles described in 1917 Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger {{Lacertidae-stub