Mercedes 240D

The Mercedes-Benz W123 is a range of executive cars produced by German manufacturer Mercedes-Benz from November 1975 to January 1986. The W123 models surpassed their predecessor, the Mercedes-Benz W114, as the most successful Mercedes, selling 2.7 million units before production ended in the autumn of 1985 for the saloon/sedan versions and January 1986 for coupés and estates/station wagons.

Following a slow production build-up during the first year, customers who placed their orders faced a lengthy waiting period of nine to twelve months. A black market emerged for the customers who were willing to pay more for immediate delivery. The slightly used W123 commanded about 5,000 Deutsche Mark premium over its original sale price.

Like its predecessors, the W123 gained the reputation of being well built and reliable. Many taxi companies chose the W123, and they were a common sight in Germany. Reaching 500,000 or 1,000,000 km with only minor mechanical issues was common with W123s used as taxicabs. Once the W123 reached the end of its service life, they were often shipped to Africa and third world countries where they were highly esteemed for their ability to travel on rough roads and to not require frequent maintenance.

W123 production ended in January 1986 with 63 final T-models rolling out. The most popular single models were the 240D (455,000 built), the 230E (442,000 built), and the 200D (378,000 built).

Design

The W123 shares technical similarities with its predecessors including engines, steering system, and suspension system. The design is updated with styling cues from its larger sibling, Mercedes-Benz W116, namely wider ribbed taillights, horizontal headlamps, front turn signal indicators on the outer edge, and pull-to-open door handles.

Friedrich Geiger was head of the styling department at the time the W123 design was finalized in 1973. Design goals according to chief engineer Hans Scherenberg included creating a "balanced, dynamic, non-aggressive form – one that lends these vehicles a special character – by emphasizing horizontal lines both at the front and rear, suggesting a slight wedge shape from the side aspect, reducing the use of chrome trim and, in the truest sense of the term, introducing rounded lines,” Scherenberg said. “We are as unimpressed by revolutionary leaps of style as by fashionable gimmicks.”

The interior is revised with a larger instrument panel, central round ventilation outlets, HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) control panel and a single row of control switches in the centre. The instrument panel has three large gauges placed behind a single plastic cover. The manual HVAC control panel has three large dials with the left and right for individual temperature control and the centre dial for fan speed control. Air flow is controlled by two sliders (left for upper zone and right for lower zone). If the optional air conditioning unit was ordered, a temperature roll dial was fitted to the row of control switches. The automatic HVAC control panel is simplified with a single roll disc on the left for temperature control, a row of push buttons in the middle for directing the air flow and switching the system on and off and a vertical set of buttons on the right for controlling the fan speed and switching automatic control on and off.

Initially, all models except the 280, 280E, and coupé featured larger round headlamps with smaller round fog lamps with large glass plate covering the entire headlamp housing and acting as a diffusing lens. This setup is the same for North American models with the sealed beam units and glass plate partially covering the headlamp housing. The 280, 280E, and coupé models use large rectangular headlamps with round fog lamps. From 1983 onward, all models except for the aforementioned North American models featured the rectangular headlamps. The headlamp washers and wipers set are optional.

Nomenclatures

Per Mercedes-Benz tradition (prior to the 1994 change), model designation corresponded to the engine displacement, chassis type (coupé or estate/station wagon), fuel type (for diesel engines only), and availability of fuel injection system (for petrol engines only):

*C for ''Coupé''
*T for ''Tourismus und Transport'' (estate/station wagon)

No designation was given for the long-wheelbase: it was simply called "Lang" (long) in the brochures and order forms.

*D for ''Diesel''
*E for ''Einspritzung'' (fuel injection)

When the diesel engine is turbocharged, an emblem that reads "TURBO DIESEL" is affixed to the right side of the boot lid.

As for the chassis codes, W123 is the saloon/sedan, S123 the estate/station wagon, C123 the coupé, V123 the long-wheelbase saloon/sedan a.k.a. Lang, and F123 refers to the bare long-wheelbase chassis as used for ambulances and other conversions.

Model variations

Saloon (W123)

The four-door version went on sale on 29 January 1976.

Coupé (C123)

In the spring of 1977, a coupé version was introduced on a shortened wheelbase ( versus for the saloon). The C123 was available as 230C (later 230CE) and as 280C and 280CE in most markets. Unlike the W123 saloon, the rectangular headlamps were fitted to the C123 regardless of engine type.

Limousine (V123)

From August 1976, a long-wheelbase version, extended to , with seating for seven to eight was produced. The limousine was built on a stretched W123 saloon/sedan chassis with additional lower side panels behind the rear passenger doors. The elongated roof has the same C-pillar form as on the saloon/sedan. The rear passenger doors were custom-designed in rectangular shape and of the same length as the ones on the saloon/sedan. The engine options were 250, 240D, and 300D. A few 280E limousines were built as special orders.

Chassis (F123)

The stretched limousine version was offered with complete front body clip (B-pillar forward) and strengthened chassis as the base for ambulances or hearses to be built by the conversion specialists such as Binz and Miesen. F stands for ''Fahrgestelle'' (chassis).

Estate (S123)

At the 1977 IAA in Frankfurt, the brand's first-ever factory-built estate, S123, was introduced. The letter T in the model designation stood for ''Tourismus und Transport'' (Touring and Transport). Previous estates had been custom-built by the coachbuilders, namely Binz. S123 production began in April 1978 at Mercedes-Benz Bremen factory. All engines except the 2-litre version of the M115 (petrol) and OM615 (diesel) were available in the range. When the M115 was replaced with the new M102 engine, a petrol-engined 200T also joined the range.

Convertible

While Mercedes-Benz never built its own convertible, some, based on the C123 coupé, were built by external companies including Crayford in the UK which (using the folding soft-top assemblies from 1973 Ford Mustangs salvaged from wrecking yards, the dimensions of the mechanism being ideal) built the "St. Tropez" and Niko-Michaels in New York, USA. In the city of Hagen, Germany, until 2016, the small, family owned Baehr fashioned C123 cabriolets and also sold kits for the conversion.

File:Mercedes-Benz 240 D (W 123, Facelift) – Frontansicht, 30. August 2012, Velbert.jpg, Mercedes-Benz 240D (W123) saloon (Euro-spec)
File:1981 Mercedes-Benz 200 (W123) 1X7A0274.jpg, Mercedes-Benz 200 (W123) saloon rear
File:Mercedes-Benz W123 T-Modell rear 20090430.jpg, Mercedes-Benz 280TE (estate)
File:1983 Mercedes-Benz 280 CE Coupe 2.8 Front.jpg, 1983 Mercedes-Benz 280CE (front)
File:1983 Mercedes-Benz 280 CE Coupe 2.8 Rear.jpg, 1983 Mercedes-Benz 280CE (rear)
File:Mercedes W123 4 v sst.jpg, Mercedes-Benz V123 "Lang" or Long Wheelbase

Engine

All engines from the W114/W115 were carried over. The single new engine was the SOHC 2.5-litre M123 inline six. The 3-litre, five-cylinder diesel engine received a proper nomenclature for the W123, matching the engine displacement: 300D instead of 240D 3.0 on the previous W114/W115.

In the autumn of 1978, the power output of the 240D was increased from to and of the 280E from 177PS to 185 PS. In early 1979, the power output rose from to for the 200D and from to for the 300D. The 220D was discontinued after 1979.

In June 1980, the new M102 four-cylinder inline petrol engine replaced the M115. The 2-litre version was only available with a carburetor while the 2.3-litre version was available with fuel injection only. The carbureted version of 2.8-litre M110 engine in the 280 and 280C was discontinued in 1981 leaving the 250 as the sole carbureted six-cylinder inline engine.

The world's first turbocharged diesel engine for a passenger vehicle, the OM617 A, was finally introduced in W123 models in September 1979, exclusive to the 300TD Turbodiesel for the European market. The same engine was offered in North America and Japan in 1981 as the 300D Turbodiesel, 300CD Turbodiesel, and 300TD Turbodiesel.

Some engines in the W123 were mounted with small shock absorbers in addition to industry standard motor mounts to reduce felt vibration and a provide a smoother ride. These designs were carried over from previous chassis models like the W114/W115.

Motorsport

One notable achievement was in the 1977 London–Sydney Marathon rally, where the 280E won first and second, ahead of the third and fourth place Citroën CX.

North American sales

North American sales began with the W123 sedan for the 1977 Model year. The initial lineup consisted of the 230, 240D, 300D and 280E models. Compliance with stringent Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) automotive emission control regulations on performance and US Department of Transportation on passenger safety required extensive augmentation to the vehicles, that made them significantly different from those sold in Europe.

Externally the changes were most noticeable with bulky 5mph front and rear bumpers and sealed-beam headlights. This particularly affected the 280/280E models, whose European counterparts received elegant wrap-around chrome bumper tips and square halogen headlights, which were unavailable to US customers. Journalists reported that "the visual changes were on the mild side" compared to U.S. Models of the Mercedes-Benz R107 and Mercedes-Benz W116, which have been described as if a "beautiful car was beaten with the malaise ugly stick."

The W123 production coincided with the introduction of federal regulations on corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) and the amendments with the Clean Air Act, which mandated catalytic converters, lower compression ratios and exhaust gas recirculation. All of these measures affected the equivalent weight and performance of the imported cars. For example, the European 280E had a 1460 kg curb weight and its engine had a DIN rating of 185 PS at 5800 rpm and 240 Nm at 4500. The corresponding North American car ranged between depending on the model year and state (California received different specifications for 1977 and 1978) while weighing at least more than its European counterpart.

As the regulations were less stringent on Diesel engines, Mercedes-Benz saw a way to circumvent the restrictions. In addition to introducing the world's first turbocharged diesel engine on the 300SD, which would be heralded as a best-seller, the marque began to offer the C123 coupé for model year 1978 in a naturally aspirated 300CD five-cylinder diesel version as well as the six-cylinder 280CE petrol model. The 300CD was unique to the US export market and not offered anywhere else. For model year 1979, the S123 estate wagon was released only as a 300TD, without any petrol counterpart. Simultaneously, the 230 sedan model was removed.

For the 1981 MY, Mercedes Benz offered the Turbocharged OM 617 engine on the series in place of the aspirated versions: the 300D Turbodiesel, 300CD Turbodiesel and 300TD Turbodiesel. While the latter was made available on the home market, the former were two unique models to the United States. The performance boost was much appreciated and in many cases - equivalent to the estranged 280E and 280CE models that were retired in parallel. The estate was particularly well met, because consumers found the aspirated 300TD to be too heavy and too slow. The 240D was discontinued for the 1984 model year, as the new 190-series took the position of the lowest-priced Mercedes-Benz. This left the line-up with just the turbocharged diesel in the three body forms that represented the marque's mid-range product line up until the vehicle's retiring in 1986.

Most of the American models came with the W4B 025 four speed automatic and only the 240D was also offered with the 4 speed manual transmission. The new 5-speed manual gearboxes were never offered by Mercedes-Benz itself on the North American market.

Notable exterior differences included
* Larger and stronger bumpers that resist collision damage up to 5 mph
* Round sealed beam headlamp capsules and fog lamps; the large glass covers partially the housing. The fog lamps had clear lens until 1980 model year when they were tinted yellow
* Amber-coloured retroreflective markers on the front turn signal indicators which double as night illumination
* Red-coloured retroreflective markers at side edge of taillamps
* Location of ID-tag on A-pillar
* Emission control device for petrol engines only
* Radio with different frequency steps when tuning to different radio stations
* 85 mph maximum speedometer with 55 mph prominently marked
* Tinted glass band across the top of front windscreen
* If passenger side external rear view mirror is included, the mirror must carry the warning: "Vehicles are closer than they appear"

Mercedes-Benz W123 .jpg, Mercedes-Benz W123 sedan (US)
Mercedes 300CD-T.JPG, Mercedes-Benz 300CD Turbodiesel coupe (US-version)
Berkeley, California - USA (8754050542).jpg, 1985 Mercedes-Benz 300TD Turbo Diesel estate

Equipment and features

The standard and optional features are numerous along with a large number of engine and gearbox options. Customers could choose cloth, MB-Tex vinyl, velour or leather for the upholstery as well as interior wood trim for dashboard and centre console. The paint and interior colour palettes are extensive as well.

The driving dynamic enhancement options for extra cost became more extensive over the time: ABS (from August 1980 onward), self-locking differential gear, five-speed manual gearbox (introduced in 1982 for European markets only), Tempomat cruise control system, power steering system (standard from 1982 onward), passenger-side external rear view mirror (standard on S123 model), "Alpine" horn with selectable loudness (popular in Switzerland due to strict noise regulations), retractable steering column (from 1982 onward) and so forth.

The extra-cost options for creature comforts include power windows (with a cut-off switch for the rear passenger door windows), vacuum-powered central locking system, sunroof (manual and electric), air conditioning system (manual or automatic control), seats with orthopaedic support, electrically heated seats (all seats were individually ordered), pre-heating system (for heating the passenger compartment at a pre-selected time when the engine is not running), an assortment of different radios with and without cassette players, rear seat head rests, etc. The W123s destined for the North American market tended to have more features as standard, reflecting the American customer's preference for luxury accessories. For the first time in an executive saloon from Mercedes-Benz, the W123 had the option of fully automatic climate control at extra cost. This option was popular in the North American and Japanese markets. A rare option was a column gear selector that could be ordered with an automatic gearbox if the customer wished. The most expensive option was the Becker radio telephone, selling for 13,512 Deutsche Mark.

In the estate/station wagon model, a third row rear-facing foldable seat was offered as an extra cost option.

Critical appraisal

Contemporary reception to the W123 by the motoring press was generally positive. The car was praised for its technical sophistication, safety innovation, and performance as well as its thorough engineering and high build quality. Downsides were typically limited to complaints about the car's high price or the relative austerity of its equipment (manually adjustable seats, for example) compared with contemporary American vehicles at the time.

The W123 won Motortrend's Import Car of the Year in 1977, with the authors noting that the car was selected based on its overall balance of attributes, rather than dominance in any one specific area. Reviewers noted the accurate steering and "a beautiful balance between comfort and control" in the test vehicle, a US-specification 280E. Also noted was the seamless integration of safety features such as a diagonally-bending steering column and 25% larger mirrors compared with the previous model. Although the price of $16,000 was "a fair amount in most people's minds," the car was said to represent good value for money in its segment.

A March 1977 Car and Driver review described the 142 hp engine powering its test car as delivering "solid by not stupefying performance." Poise at higher speeds was noted, with performance described as "quiet, stable, comfortable, and efficient in a fashion that most car owners simply cannot comprehend," though substantial body roll was noted. Writing in the same article, automotive journalist David E. Davis Jr. noted that "The Mercedes almost seems to dramatize the fact that it is a machine--a pleasant, comfort machine, but a machine nonetheless--not a boudoir, not some mobile extension of your living room, but a mechanical device." A counterpoint segment complained of the car's relatively high cabin noise, but admired "Mercedes-Benz for having the courage of its convictions," in designing a car that is "purposeful, solidly built, and direct in its responses."

Updates

Mercedes-Benz updated the W123 in incremental steps, calling them series:
*Series 0.5, November 1975 – July 1976
*First Series, August 1976 – July 1979
*Second Series, August 1979 – August 1982
*Third Series, September 1982 – January 1986

Changes to the second series (from August 1979):
*smaller steering wheel (10 mm) in a more elegant design
*modernized toggle switches with smoother edges (hazard lights, windows, etc.)
*pneumatic headlamp leveling system
*modified belt buckles and smaller headrests
*new fabric patterns for the seats

Changes to the third series (from September 1982):
*Rectangular headlights and power steering as standard for entire model range
*Molded front seat backrests for more knee freedom in the rear
*Cloth insert in the door panels
*Zebrano wood paneling in the dashboard
*Reduced wind noise due to improved roof trim strips
*Ventilation outlets are no longer chrome-plated
*Driver's airbag available as optional equipment

For the 1981 model year, the automatic climate control panel from the W126 S-Class with a simplified icon design was adopted. A new five-speed manual gearbox was introduced in February 1982 and was available in all models except those with the 3-litre turbocharged diesel engine but not in North America. This gearbox was only offered to North America via the grey market.

In September 1982, the driver's airbag with seat belt pre-tensioners for the passenger were offered as a 1,762.80 Deutsche Mark option for all models from the 1983 model year onward. Very few W123s had both driver and passenger air bags. The passenger air bag used a pyrotechnic gas discharge design, a world's first.

Copies

The W123 was officially produced by FAW in China from 1987 until 1988, as a 200 sedan or as a long wheelbase 230E. Only 828 cars were built in their Changchun plant. Another Chinese company called Bamin Automobile made W123 lookalikes using other parts. Bamin was a People's Liberation Army-owned company located in Minhou. Their W123 copy was built on the chassis of the Bamin BM212A/213A, a copy of the Beijing BJ212 and came in a few different bodystyles. There was a four-door pickup called the BM2022A (or the better equipped BM1020KHA) and a wagon derived from it, as well as the BM1020KH/BM6480 (proper station wagons). The Chinese copies used the 2.4-litre BJ492 pushrod inline-four engine from the BJ212.

Technical data

Rest of World

North America and Japan

In these markets, only the following models were offered:Mike Covello: ''Standard Catalog of Imported Cars 1946–2002''. Krause Publications, Iola 2002, , p. 539-43.

References

Notes

Bibliography

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External links

W123 buyer's guide
– Classics World (UK)
W123 production information, technical data, and media of the Mercedes-Benz Classic Digital ArchiveW123 specifications and prices

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W123
W123
Executive cars
Limousines
Sedans
Station wagons
Cars introduced in 1976
Cars discontinued in 1986
1980s cars
Rally cars
Coupés
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles