Membrane steroid receptors (mSRs), also called extranuclear steroid receptors, are a class of
cell surface receptor
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules. They are specialized integra ...
s activated by
endogenous
Endogeny, in biology, refers to the property of originating or developing from within an organism, tissue, or cell.
For example, ''endogenous substances'', and ''endogenous processes'' are those that originate within a living system (e.g. an ...
steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused compound, fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes t ...
s that mediate rapid,
non-genomic signaling
A signal is both the process and the result of transmission of data over some media accomplished by embedding some variation. Signals are important in multiple subject fields including signal processing, information theory and biology.
...
via modulation of
intracellular signaling cascades.
mSRs are another means besides classical
nuclear
Nuclear may refer to:
Physics
Relating to the nucleus of the atom:
*Nuclear engineering
*Nuclear physics
*Nuclear power
*Nuclear reactor
*Nuclear weapon
*Nuclear medicine
*Radiation therapy
*Nuclear warfare
Mathematics
* Nuclear space
*Nuclear ...
steroid hormone receptor
Steroid hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells. They are generally intracellular receptors (typically cytoplasmic or nuclear) and initiate signal transduction for steroid hormones which ...
s (SHRs) for steroids to mediate their
biological effects.
SHRs can produce slow genomic responses or rapid, non-genomic responses in the case of mSRs.
__TOC__
List of membrane steroid receptors
Known groups of mSRs, by ligand, include:
* Membrane sex steroid receptors
**
Membrane androgen receptor Membrane androgen receptors (mARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which bind and are activated by testosterone and/or other androgens. Unlike the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genomic ...
s (mARs) –
GPRC6A,
OXER1,
ZIP9;
TRPM8
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 (TRPM8), also known as the cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPM8'' gene. The TRPM8 channel is the primary molecular ...
;
,
**
Membrane estrogen receptor Membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) are a group of receptor (biochemistry), receptors which bind estrogen. Unlike nuclear estrogen receptors, which mediate their effects via slower Genome, genomic mechanisms, mERs are cell surface receptors that rapi ...
s (mERs) –
GPER
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPER'' gene. GPER binds to and is activated by the female sex hormone estradiol and is responsible ...
,
ER-X,
ERx,
Gq-mER;
Nav1.2;
palmitoylated nuclear receptors
**
Membrane progesterone receptor
Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) are a group of cell surface receptors and membrane steroid receptors belonging to the progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family which bind the endogenous progestogen and neurosteroid progesterone, as well as ...
s (mPRs) –
PAQRs (
mPRα,
mPRβ,
mPRγ
Membrane progesterone receptor gamma (mPRγ), or progestin and adipoQ receptor 5 (PAQR5), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PAQR5'' gene.
See also
* Membrane progesterone receptor
* Progestin and adipoQ receptor
The progestin and ...
,
mPRδ,
mPRϵ);
PGRMC1,
PGRMC2;
* Membrane corticosteroid receptors
**
Membrane glucocorticoid receptors (mGRs) –
caveolin
In molecular biology, caveolins are a family of integral membrane proteins that are the principal components of caveolae membranes and involved in receptor-independent endocytosis. Caveolins may act as scaffolding proteins within caveolar me ...
-associated nuclear receptors; possible unidentified receptors
**
Membrane mineralocorticoid receptors (mMRs) – caveolin-associated NRs; diverse putative receptors
In addition,
PDIA3 is a membrane receptor for the
secosteroid
A secosteroid () is a type of steroid with a "broken" ring. The word ''secosteroid ''derives from the Latin verb ''secare'' meaning "to cut", and 'steroid'. Secosteroids are described as a subclass of steroids under the IUPAC nomenclature. Some ...
calcitriol
Calcitriol is a hormone and the active form of vitamin D, normally made in the kidney. It is also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. It binds to and activates the vitamin D receptor in the nucleus of the cell, which then increases the exp ...
, the activated form of
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of structurally related, fat-soluble compounds responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, along with numerous other biological functions. In humans, the most important compo ...
.
References
G protein-coupled receptors
Human proteins
Steroids
Human female endocrine system
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