''Melanorivulus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of South American freshwater fish in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Rivulidae. Most species are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...

to the

Río de la Plata The Río de la Plata (, "river of silver"), also called the River Plate or La Plata River in English, is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay River and the Paraná River at Punta Gorda. It empties into the Atlantic Ocean and f ...

, eastern

Amazon Amazon most often refers to: * Amazons, a tribe of female warriors in Greek mythology * Amazon rainforest, a rainforest covering most of the Amazon basin * Amazon River, in South America * Amazon (company), an American multinational technolog ...

(west to Tapajós basin), Tocantins– Araguaia and São Francisco basins in Brazil, but a few members of this genus range west into Bolivia, south into Paraguay and Argentina, and east to

Parnaíba Parnaíba () is a city in the Brazilian state of Piauí. Having a population of over 150,000 inhabitants according to IBGE's 2020 report, it is the second most populous city in the state, after the capital Teresina. It is one of the four coast ...

and Sergipe in northeastern Brazil. Only ''M. schuncki'' occurs north of the Amazon River.Costa, W.J.E.M., Bragança, P.H.N. & Ottoni, F.P. (2015)
A new miniature killifish of the genus ''Melanorivulus'' (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the coastal plains of north-eastern Brazil.
''Vertebrate Zoology, 65 (1): 31–35.'' They inhabit shallow waters, generally deep, at the margins of streams in open or fairly open habitats like the Cerrado or Cerrado–Amazon transition. Many have tiny ranges and are seriously threatened.Costa, W.J.E.M. (2012)
Two new species of ''Melanorivulus'' from the Caiapós hill, upper Araguaia river basin, Brazil (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae).
''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 23 (3): 211-218.'' Similar to closely related genera such as ''

Anablepsoides ''Anablepsoides'' is a genus of killifish in the family Rivulidae native to tropical South America and the Lesser Antilles. The majority are from the Amazon and Orinoco basins, as well as freshwater systems in the Guiana Shield, but a few spe ...

'', '' Atlantirivulus'', ''

Cynodonichthys ''Cynodonichthys'' is a genus of freshwater killifish in the family Rivulidae. They are found in Middle America, ranging from southern Mexico (north to Oaxaca and the Yucatán Peninsula), through Central America (where most species live), to ...

'' and '' Laimosemion'', ''Melanorivulus'' are jumpers and non-annual killifish. ''Melanorivulus'' are small fish, with the largest species up in total length and the smallest less than . They are often quite colorful and some are kept in aquariums.

Species

Until 2011, ''Melanorivulus'' were included in '' Rivulus'', and some prefer to maintain them in that genus. If recognized as a valid genus, there are currently 60 species in ''Melanorivulus'': * ''

Melanorivulus amambaiensis ''Melanorivulus'' is a genus of South American freshwater fish in the family Rivulidae. Most species are endemic to the Río de la Plata, eastern Amazon (west to Tapajós basin), Tocantins– Araguaia and São Francisco basins in Brazil, ...

'' Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés, 2018 * ''

Melanorivulus apiamici ''Melanorivulus'' is a genus of South American freshwater fish in the family Rivulidae. Most species are endemic to the Río de la Plata, eastern Amazon (west to Tapajós basin), Tocantins– Araguaia and São Francisco basins in Brazil, ...

'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa, 1989) * ''

Melanorivulus atlanticus ''Melanorivulus'' is a genus of South American freshwater fish in the family Rivulidae. Most species are endemic to the Río de la Plata, eastern Amazon (west to Tapajós basin), Tocantins– Araguaia and São Francisco basins in Brazil, ...

'' W. J. E. M. Costa, Bragança & Ottoni, 2015 * ''

Melanorivulus bororo ''Melanorivulus'' is a genus of South American freshwater fish in the family Rivulidae. Most species are endemic to the Río de la Plata, eastern Amazon (west to Tapajós basin), Tocantins– Araguaia and São Francisco basins in Brazil, ...

'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa, 2008) * ''

Melanorivulus britzkei ''Melanorivulus'' is a genus of South American freshwater fish in the family Rivulidae. Most species are endemic to the Río de la Plata, eastern Amazon (west to Tapajós basin), Tocantins– Araguaia and São Francisco basins in Brazil, ...

'' Nielsen, 2017 * ''

Melanorivulus canesi ''Melanorivulus'' is a genus of South American freshwater fish in the family Rivulidae. Most species are endemic to the Río de la Plata, eastern Amazon (west to Tapajós basin), Tocantins– Araguaia and São Francisco basins in Brazil, ...

Boulenger Boulenger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Benjamin Boulenger (born 1990), French footballer * Edward George Boulenger (1888–1946), British zoologist, director of aquarium at London Zoo * George Albert Boulenger (1858–1 ...

, 1895) * '' Melanorivulus regularis'' W. J. E. M. Costa, 2017 * '' Melanorivulus rossoi'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa, 2005) * '' Melanorivulus rubromarginatus'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa, 2007) * '' Melanorivulus rubroreticulatus'' W. J. E. M. Costa, Amorim & Bragança, 2014Costa, W.J.E.M., Amorim, P.F. & Bragança, P.H.N. (2014)
A new miniature killifish of the genus ''Melanorivulus'' (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from the Xingu river drainage, Brazilian Amazon.
''Vertebrate Zoology, 64 (2): 193-197.'' * '' Melanorivulus rutilicaudus'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa, 2005) * '' Melanorivulus salmonicaudus'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa, 2007) * '' Melanorivulus scalaris'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa, 2005) * '' Melanorivulus schuncki'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa &

de Luca DeLuca, also spelled Deluca or De Luca, is an Italian-language surname. People with the surname include: People * Adrian Deluca (born 1982), former Australian rules footballer * Alby De Luca (1908–1978), Australian rules footballer * Anthony ...

, 2011)Costa, W.J.E.M. & De Luca, A.C. (2011)
''Rivulus schuncki'', a new species of the killifish subgenus ''Melanorivulus'', from eastern Brazilian Amazon (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae).
''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 21 (4): 289-293.'' * '' Melanorivulus spixi'' W. J. E. M. Costa, 2016 * '' Melanorivulus ubirajarai'' W. J. E. M. Costa, 2012 * '' Melanorivulus violaceus'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa, 1991) * '' Melanorivulus vittatus'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa, 1989) * '' Melanorivulus wallacei'' W. J. E. M. Costa, 2016 * '' Melanorivulus zygonectes'' ( G. S. Myers, 1927)

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q6811535 Rivulidae Fish of South America Freshwater fish genera