Meitetsu 3400 Series
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The was a commuter
electric multiple unit An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple-unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages using electricity as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate locomotive, as electric traction motors are incorporated within one or a number o ...
(EMU) train type operated by the
private railway A private railway is a railroad run by a private business entity (usually a corporation but not need be), as opposed to a railroad run by a public sector. Japan In Japan, , commonly simply ''private railway'', refers to a public transit railway o ...
operator
Meitetsu , publicly trading as , is a private railway company operating around Aichi Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture of Japan. Some of the more famous trains operated by Meitetsu include the '' Panorama Car'' and the '' Panorama Car Super'', both of w ...
in Japan from 1937 to 2002. The train was designed as the first new train by
Meitetsu , publicly trading as , is a private railway company operating around Aichi Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture of Japan. Some of the more famous trains operated by Meitetsu include the '' Panorama Car'' and the '' Panorama Car Super'', both of w ...
, which was formed from merger between and Meiki Railways in 1935. New cars were commissioned in 1950 and 1953 to increase the number of trains per set to four.


Background

When the
Meitetsu , publicly trading as , is a private railway company operating around Aichi Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture of Japan. Some of the more famous trains operated by Meitetsu include the '' Panorama Car'' and the '' Panorama Car Super'', both of w ...
was formed in 1935 by the merger of the and Meiki Railways, the
railway electrification Railway electrification is the use of electric power for the propulsion of rail transport. Electric railways use either electric locomotives (hauling passengers or Rail freight transport, freight in separate cars), electric multiple units (Passen ...
of the lines were different, with lines inherited from Aichi Electric Railways electrified at 1,500 V and lines inherited from Meiki Railways electrified at 600 V. The two networks, based on Jingū-mae and were not connected to each other as well, forcing the operation and management of trains to be separated. The
Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition The was a world's fair held in what is now part of the Minami Ward of Nagoya city, Japan from 15 March to 31 May in 1937. History Sponsored by the Japanese government and with HIH Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko as chairman, the Nagoya Pan-Pacifi ...
was planned to be held in 1937 at the time with a large increase in passengers expected, and Meitetsu planned new rolling stocks to be in service by February 1937 in 1936 to compete with the
Ministry of Railways A Ministry of Railways is a Cabinet department that exists or has existed in many Commonwealth states as well as others. It generally occurs in countries where railroad transportation is a particularly important part of the national infrastructure ...
. Two designer teams from the former Aichi Electric Railways and Meiki Railways designed the new rolling stocks. While the designed by former Meiki Railways team was based on , the last rolling stock designed by Meiki Railways, the Meitetsu 3400 series by the former Aichi Electric Railways team was not based on previous rolling stocks. This difference in design is thought to be caused by the fact that Meiki Railways was based on and funded by conservatives in
Nagoya is the largest city in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is the list of cities in Japan, fourth-most populous city in Japan, with a population of 2.3million in 2020, and the principal city of the Chūkyō metropolitan area, which is the List of ...
, while the Aichi Electric Railways was based on an electric company and was very ambitious to incorporate new technologies.


History

The sets 3401 and 3402 entered operation on March 20, 1937, 5 days after the
Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition The was a world's fair held in what is now part of the Minami Ward of Nagoya city, Japan from 15 March to 31 May in 1937. History Sponsored by the Japanese government and with HIH Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko as chairman, the Nagoya Pan-Pacifi ...
began. The set 3403 entered operation on April 15 in the same year. The official test run of the set 3401 was done three days before it entered operation, which ran faster than 100km/h. Nagoya Shinbun (currently
Chunichi Shimbun The is a Japanese daily "broadsheet" newspaper published in mostly Aichi Prefecture and neighboring regions by Based in Nagoya, one of the three major Japanese metropolitan areas, it boasts the third highest circulation after the group newspa ...
) reported the test run with the heading "One Hundred kilometers per hour, faster than the Tsubame". The sets were used for
limited express A limited express is a type of express train or express bus service that stops at fewer locations compared to other express services on the same or similar routes. Japan The term "limited express" is a common translation of the Japanese ...
and rapid services in the eastern rail networks formerly owned by Aichi Electric Railways. During the
Pacific War The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War or the Pacific Theatre, was the Theater (warfare), theatre of World War II fought between the Empire of Japan and the Allies of World War II, Allies in East Asia, East and Southeast As ...
, the types of seats were changed to help carry more passengers, and broken windows were separated when it was repaired. Although the entire fleet was not damaged from the war, set 3403 was burned by a fire caused by
short circuit A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path with no or very low electrical impedance. This results in an excessive current flowing through the circuit ...
and took over a year to be repaired due to lack of resources. The train was initially commissioned in a two-car formation, but in 1948, after the end of the Pacific War, the unification of overhead voltages on the eastern and western lines was completed, and direct east-west operation began. Along with this event, the operation of premium trains in the
Nagoya Main line The or Nagoya Line is a railway line operated by the private railway operator Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu), connecting Toyohashi Station in Toyohashi with Meitetsu Gifu Station in Gifu. Since its amalgamation in 1944, this has been the Meit ...
was changed to use a four-car formation. In response to the change to the form, three intermediate electric vehicles were constructed and incorporated into the formation in 1950 and 1953. Limited express services using the sets on the main lines were abolished and replaced by
Meitetsu 7000 series The was a commuter electric multiple unit (EMU) train type formerly operated by the private railway operator Nagoya Railroad , publicly trading as , is a private railway company operating around Aichi Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture of Japa ...
, branded
Panorama Car is a trainset series operated by Nagoya Railroad, including the . Like the ''Romancecar'' trains of Odakyu Electric Railway, they are designed to be tourist oriented limited express trains, although they also operate on services. The very ...
s, in 1961.


Post-refurbishment and retirement

The initial six cars from 1937 was refurbished between 1967 and 1968. All cars were painted scarlet in 1976. After the establishment of
Central Japan Railway Company is the main railway company operating in the Chūbu (Nagoya) region of central Japan. It is officially abbreviated in English as JR Central and occasionally as JR Tokai (). The term ''Tōkai'' refers to the southern portion of Central Japan, ...
(JR Central) from the
privatization Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for deregulation w ...
of
Japanese National Railways The , abbreviated JNR or , was the business entity that operated Japan's national railway network from 1949 to 1987. Network Railways As of June 1, 1949, the date of establishment of JNR, it operated of narrow gauge () railways in all 46 pre ...
, JR Central began to improve the service frequency and increase the convenience of the
Tōkaidō Main Line The Tōkaidō Main Line () is one of the most important railway corridors in Japan, connecting the major cities of Tokyo and Kobe via Shizuoka (city), Shizuoka, Nagoya, Kyoto and Osaka. The line, with termini at Tokyo Station, Tokyo and Kōbe St ...
, which partially ran alongside
Meitetsu Nagoya Main Line The or Nagoya Line is a railway line operated by the private railway operator Nagoya Railroad (Meitetsu), connecting Toyohashi Station in Toyohashi with Meitetsu Gifu Station in Gifu. Since its amalgamation in 1944, this has been the Me ...
. Meitetsu introduced the 6500 series and 6800 series from 1987 to 1989 to compete, rendering the older rolling stock obsolete. Two sets were scrapped in 1988, and the remaining set 3403 was reduced to two cars. The set 3403 was renumbered to set 3401. Although the new set 3401 was planned to be scrapped some years later, it was awarded the Evergreen Award in 1993 by the , which is given to trains that have served a long time. Meitetsu decided to preserve the new set 3401 and repaint the set back to its original livery following this award. However, no colored images of the old 3400 series back in the day existed forcing the company to ask people who remember it. The lower half of the set was painted green, while the upper half was painted light green. The repainted new set 3401 was first used in a reserved train between Higashi Okazaki and Kō Station for the award ceremony of the Evergreen Award.
Air conditioners Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK), is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature, and in some cases, also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air c ...
were installed in 1994 to maintain service standards. 1994 was also the 100th year since the formation of Meitetsu, and the new set 3401 was temporarily ran for a rapid service between Hekinan and Yatomi to celebrate it for the entirety of August that year. Due to difficulty in finding old upkeep parts, aging of the train itself, and the economic depression at the time, the train was removed from regular services in October 2001. Although the set was used in reserved services after the removal, it was announced that the set will officially retire at the end of August 2002. The back car of the set was scrapped at Meiden-Chikko in 2006. The last car is preserved in
Okazaki Okazaki may refer to: *Okazaki (surname) *Okazaki, Aichi, a city in Japan *Okazaki Castle, a castle in Japan *Okazaki fragments Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides (approximately 150 to 200 base pairs long in eukaryotes) w ...
, and can be seen in an event.


Design

The train was designed as the first new train by
Meitetsu , publicly trading as , is a private railway company operating around Aichi Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture of Japan. Some of the more famous trains operated by Meitetsu include the '' Panorama Car'' and the '' Panorama Car Super'', both of w ...
, which was formed from merger between and Meiki Railways in 1935. The
streamliner A streamliner is a vehicle incorporating streamlining in a shape providing reduced air resistance. The term is applied to high-speed railway trainsets of the 1930s to 1950s, and to their successor " bullet trains". Less commonly, the term i ...
design was used as the design was commonly used in Japanese train cars at the time, such as
JNR Class EF55 The is a 2Co+Co1 wheel arrangement electric locomotive type consisting of three locomotives built in 1936 by Hitachi, Kawasaki, and Tōyō Electric in Japan. They were nicknamed "hippos (''kaba'')" or "monster shoes (''kutsu no bakemono'')" in ...
, 52 series, and KiHa 43000. Three sets of six cars in two-car-formation were deployed in eastern lines formerly owned by Aichi Electric Railways in March 1937, and the with the similar streamliner design was deployed in the western lines formerly owned by Meiki Railways.


Post refurbishment

The refurbishment from March 1967 changed many features of the trains. The train's body was changed to be fully made out of metal, and the doors were made slightly smaller from 1,200mm to 1,100mm. Some seats near the doors were rotated sideways. Panels were added to the inner walls of the train cars, and modifications were made in the tail lights and the front glasses of the cars. After the trains were reduced to 2-car sets, the pantographs of the last car of the set was removed entirely.


References


Bibliography

* * *
Japan Railfan Magazine is a Japanese-language monthly magazine for railfans covering the mainly Japanese railways published by Koyusha. It has been published in Japan since 1961. Issues go on sale on the 21st of each month, two months before the cover month (e.g. th ...
** *The railway pictorial ** ** ** ** ** **


External links

* {{Meitetsu trainsets Electric multiple units of Japan Nagoya Railroad 1500 V DC multiple units of Japan Train-related introductions in 1937 Nippon Sharyo multiple units