Meeting of the minds (also referred to as mutual agreement, mutual assent, or ''consensus ad idem'') is a phrase in contract law used to describe the intentions of the parties forming the contract. In particular, it refers to the situation where there is a common understanding in the formation of the contract. Formation of a contract is initiated with a proposal or offer. This condition or element is considered a requirement to the formation of a

contract A contract is an agreement that specifies certain legally enforceable rights and obligations pertaining to two or more parties. A contract typically involves consent to transfer of goods, services, money, or promise to transfer any of thos ...

in some jurisdictions.

History

Richard Austen-Baker has suggested that the perpetuation of the idea of "meeting of minds" may come from a misunderstanding of the Latin term ''consensus ad idem'', which actually means "agreement to the amething". There must be

evidence Evidence for a proposition is what supports the proposition. It is usually understood as an indication that the proposition is truth, true. The exact definition and role of evidence vary across different fields. In epistemology, evidence is what J ...

that the parties had each, from an objective perspective, engaged in conduct manifesting their assent, and a contract will be formed when the parties have met such a requirement.

Concept in academic work

German jurist Friedrich Carl von Savigny is usually credited with developing the will theory of contract in his work '' System des heutigen Römischen Rechts'' (1840). Sir Frederick Pollock is one person known for expounding the idea of a contract based on a meeting of minds, at which time it gained much support in the courts. Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote in 1897 that a meeting of minds was really a fiction. The English contracts scholar Richard Austen-Baker has suggested that the perpetuation of the concept into current times is based on a confusion of it with the concept of a ''consensus ad idem'' ("agreement to the same hing) which is an undoubted requirement of synallagmatic contracting, and that this confusion may be the result of recent ignorance of Latin.

Use in case law

In '' Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co Ltd v Grant'' (1879) 4 Ex D 216, Thesiger LJ said, in the course of a judgment on the postal rule, In '' Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company'' 8931 QB 256, Bowen LJ said, In ''Balfour v Balfour'' 9192 KB 571, Atkin LJ said, In '' Baltimore & Ohio R. Co. v. United States'' (1923) the

US Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all Federal tribunals in the United States, U.S. federal court cases, and over Stat ...

said an implied in fact contract is, The reasoning is that a party should not be held to a

that they were not even aware existed. A mutual promise between friends over simple personal matters should not be a situation where legal remedies are to be used. Equally, any such agreement where the obligation is primarily a

moral A moral (from Latin ''morālis'') is a message that is conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event. The moral may be left to the hearer, reader, or viewer to determine for themselves, or may be explicitly encapsulated in a maxim. ...

one rather than a legal one should not be enforceable. It is only when all parties involved are aware of the formation of a ''legal obligation'' is there a meeting of the minds. However, the awareness of a legal obligation is established, not through each party's subjective understanding of the terms, but on "objective indicators," based on what each party said and did. Under the formalist theory of contract, every contract must have six elements: offer,

acceptance Acceptance in psychology is a person's recognition and assent to the finality of a situation without attempting to change or protest it. This plays out at both the individual and societal level as people experience change. Types of acceptanc ...

consideration Consideration is a concept of English law, English common law and is a necessity for simple contracts but not for special contracts (contracts by deed). The concept has been adopted by other common law jurisdictions. It is commonly referred to a ...

, ''meeting of the minds'', capacity and legality. Many other contracts, but not all types of contracts, also must be in writing and be signed by the responsible party, in an element called form.

Vices of consent

Mutual assent is vitiated by actions such as

fraud In law, fraud is intent (law), intentional deception to deprive a victim of a legal right or to gain from a victim unlawfully or unfairly. Fraud can violate Civil law (common law), civil law (e.g., a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrato ...

, undue influence, duress (see per minas), mutual mistake, or

misrepresentation In common law jurisdictions, a misrepresentation is a False statements of fact, false or misleading''Royal Mail Case, R v Kylsant'' 931Question of law, statement of fact made during negotiations by one party to another, the statement then in ...

. This may render a contract void or unenforceable.

Notes

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References