Mazeppa (opera)
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''Mazeppa'', properly ''Mazepa'' ( ), is an
opera Opera is a form of History of theatre#European theatre, Western theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by Singing, singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically ...
in three acts (six scenes) by
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer during the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally. Tchaikovsky wrote some of the most popula ...
. The
libretto A libretto (From the Italian word , ) is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or Musical theatre, musical. The term ''libretto'' is also sometimes used to refer to th ...
was written by Victor Burenin and is based on
Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin () was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era.Basker, Michael. Pushkin and Romanticism. In Ferber, Michael, ed., ''A Companion to European Romanticism''. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. He is conside ...
's poem ''
Poltava Poltava (, ; , ) is a city located on the Vorskla, Vorskla River in Central Ukraine, Central Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Poltava Oblast as well as Poltava Raion within the oblast. It also hosts the administration of Po ...
'', part of the cultural legacy of Mazeppa. ''Mazeppa'' is a blood-thirsty tale of crazy love, abduction, political persecution, execution, and vengeful murder. The action takes place in
Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
at the beginning of the 18th century. The protagonists are the historical figures Ivan Stepanovych Mazeppa (1639–1709), the Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks, and Vasyl Leontiyovych Kochubey (c.1640–1708), a very prosperous Ukrainian nobleman and statesman.


Composition history

The opera was composed between June 1881 and April 1883. ''Mazeppa''s libretto was based on ''
Poltava Poltava (, ; , ) is a city located on the Vorskla, Vorskla River in Central Ukraine, Central Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Poltava Oblast as well as Poltava Raion within the oblast. It also hosts the administration of Po ...
'', a narrative poem by
Alexander Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin () was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era.Basker, Michael. Pushkin and Romanticism. In Ferber, Michael, ed., ''A Companion to European Romanticism''. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. He is consid ...
. Pushkin based his story on historical events at
Poltava Poltava (, ; , ) is a city located on the Vorskla, Vorskla River in Central Ukraine, Central Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Poltava Oblast as well as Poltava Raion within the oblast. It also hosts the administration of Po ...
, the battle where Tsar
Peter the Great Peter I (, ; – ), better known as Peter the Great, was the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, Tsar of all Russia from 1682 and the first Emperor of Russia, Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned j ...
defeated Swedish King
Charles XII Charles XII, sometimes Carl XII () or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 Old Style and New Style dates, O.S.), was King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of the House of ...
. Pushkin took some creative freedom in order to create powerful characters and grand passions. For example, Kochubey (the wealthy Cossack whose daughter elopes with Mazeppa) actually managed to successfully keep Mariya from him. He turned Mazeppa in to the Tsar four years after Mazeppa asked for her hand. Tchaikovsky first mentioned the idea of an opera based on ''Poltava'' to his publisher in the summer of 1881. Soon, he became obsessed with Poltava's story of tragic love and political betrayal and quickly produced four numbers plus sketching a duet based on material from his symphonic poem ''Romeo and Juliet'' (this music later became Mazeppa and Mariya's Act 2 duet). Librettist Burenin followed Pushkin's poem, incorporating large excerpts from Poltava into his libretto, but Tchaikovsky was not very pleased with Burenin's work: he felt "no special enthusiasm for the characters", and went on to make some critical changes of his own, adding more of Pushkin's lines back in. Vasily Kandaurov contributed the text for Mazeppa's aria in Act 2, Scene 2. The libretto was revised over and over again, even after the opera's premieres. Choosing to focus primarily on the love story at the heart of the opera, the composer added the character Andrei, a lovesick boy whose unrequited love for the beautiful Mariya gives her tragic fate a special poignancy. Mazeppa shares many characteristics with Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin: they both center on a young woman whose powerful love draws her into a catastrophic downward spiral.


Performance history

The premiere performance took place on 15 February S February 31884 at the
Bolshoi Theatre The Bolshoi Theatre ( rus, Большо́й теа́тр, r=Bol'shoy teatr, p=bɐlʲˈʂoj tʲɪˈat(ə)r, t=Grand Theater) is a historic opera house in Moscow, Russia, originally designed by architect Joseph Bové. Before the October Revolutio ...
in Moscow conducted by
Ippolit Al'tani Ippolit Karlovich Al'tani (; , ''Altani Ipolit Karlovich''; 27 May S 15 May/small> 184617 February 1919) was a Russian conductor, choirmaster and violinist. Al'tani was born in the south of Russian Empire. In 1866 he graduated from Saint Pete ...
with stage Direction by Anton Bartsal, set design by Matvey Shishkov and Mikhail Bocharov, and
Lev Ivanov Lev Ivanovich Ivanov (; 2 March 1834, Moscow – 24 December 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer and later, Second Balletmaster of the Mariinsky Ballet, Imperial Ballet. As a performer with the Mariinsky Ballet, ...
as ''Balletmeister''. Four days later, on 19 February S February 7 the St. Petersburg premiere followed at the
Mariinsky Theatre The Mariinsky Theatre (, also transcribed as Maryinsky or Mariyinsky) is a historic opera house in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Opened in 1860, it became the preeminent music theatre of late 19th-century Russia, where many of the stage masterpieces ...
conducted by
Eduard Nápravník Eduard Francevič Naprávnik (Russian: Эдуа́рд Фра́нцевич Напра́вник; 24 August 1839 – 10 November 1916) was a Czech conductor and composer. Nápravník settled in Russian Empire and is best known for his leading role ...
. At both performances, the work was brilliantly staged but marred by the uneven vocal and acting abilities of the cast. But audiences responded warmly and the critical notices, in Moscow at least, were kind. Tchaikovsky's brother, Modest, hid the truth about the critical roasting the opera got in St. Petersburg; when he finally learned the truth, Tchaikovsky wrote to thank him: "You did well, the truth might have killed me." The American premiere took place on March 6, 2006.


Roles


Instrumentation

*''Strings'': Violin I, Violin II, Violas, Cellos, and Double Basses *''Woodwinds'': Piccolo, 3 Flutes, 2 Oboes, Cor Anglais, 2 Clarinets (B-flat and A), 2 Bassoons *''Brass'': 4 Horns, 2 Trumpets, 3 Trombones, Tuba, *''Percussion'': Timpani, Triangle, Tambourine, Side Drum, Cymbals, Bass Drum *''Other'': Harp Source: Tchaikovsky Research


Synopsis

''Time'': Beginning of the 18th century ''Place'':
Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
''Overture: Mazeppa's ride''


Act I

''Scene 1: Kochubey's estate on the banks of the Dniepr'' A group of peasant girls sail on the river, singing of making garlands of flowers to cast on the river and so divine their husband as a fortune-telling game. Mariya arrives, and they all plead with her to join them, but there is company at her house: The
Hetman ''Hetman'' is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a field marshal or imperial marshal in the Holy Roman Empire). First used by the Czechs in Bohemia in the 15th century, ...
Mazeppa, and so she cannot stay with them. After they leave, she reveals that games have no temptation for her anymore, for she is in love with Mazeppa. Her childhood friend, Andrei, overhears her, and tries to comfort her, but when she thanks him for his kind friendship, he reveals he always loved her. She wishes it could be different, that she could love him too – but fate will not allow it. Andrei rushes off in despair. Mariya's father and mother, Vasily and Lyubov Kochubey arrive with the guests, and dance and song are provided for Mazeppa's entertainment, including the famous
Hopak Hopak (, ) is a Ukrainian folk dance originating as a male dance among the Zaporozhian Cossacks, but later danced by couples, male soloists, and mixed groups of dancers. It is performed most often as a solitary concert dance by amateur and profess ...
. Then Mazeppa draws Kochubey aside, and asks for his daughter's hand. Kochubey thinks he's joking at first – he is, after all, very old. Mazeppa claims that the passions of an old heart, once lit, are not like those of a young heart that burn brightly but then fade – they smoulder forever. Kochubey points out, however, that Mazeppa is Mariya's godfather, which is considered closer than a blood tie in the
Russian Orthodox Church The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; ;), also officially known as the Moscow Patriarchate (), is an autocephaly, autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox Christian church. It has 194 dioceses inside Russia. The Primate (bishop), p ...
. Mazeppa replies that he can easily apply to the church for an exemption. Kochubey orders Mazeppa to leave. Mazeppa replies that he has already asked Mariya's hand, and been accepted, with a slight hint that he may already have had his way with Mariya. Kochubey still refuses, and Mazeppa calls in his guard. Mazeppa demands submission, everyone else curses his immoral desires and rise up against him, but just as battle is about to break out, Mariya throws herself between the two groups. As he leaves, Mazeppa calls for Mariya to decide whether she wishes to stay at home and never see him again, or to come with him. She chooses him to everyone's surprise and distress. ''Scene 2: A room in Kochubey's manor'' Lyubov mourns Mariya's loss, the women of the house trying to comfort her, to no avail. She sends them away and tries to stir Kochubey to rouse the Cossacks to war and go to attack Mazeppa – but he has a better plan: Whilst the two were still friends, Mazeppa hinted at a plan to ally with Sweden and fight to free Ukraine from
Peter the Great Peter I (, ; – ), better known as Peter the Great, was the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, Tsar of all Russia from 1682 and the first Emperor of Russia, Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned j ...
's rule. Iskra, Kochubey's friend, is all for denouncing Mazeppa to Peter, but they need a messenger. Andrei, who feels his life is over after having lost Mariya, agrees to deliver it. Everyone curses Mazeppa and relishes the thought of his execution.


Act 2

''Scene 1: A dungeon in Mazeppa's castle, night.'' The plan has not gone well. Peter the Great sided with Mazeppa, and turned Kochubey over to him, sending, as Kochubey puts it, a loyal servant into the hand of a treasonous one. Under torture, Kochubey has made a false confession. Kochubey is trying to make himself right with God, and thinks he hears the priest coming to hear his last confession – but instead, it turns out to be Orlik, Mazeppa's henchman and torturer. Kochubey asks what more he could want – he had agreed under torture to everything that had been asked of him. But he hadn't revealed the location of his hidden treasures. He tells them to send Mariya, who will show them everything, and let him pray before his execution: he has already lost his treasures – his honour to a false confession extracted under torture, Mariya's honour to Mazeppa, and now has only the prospect of God's vengeance after his death. This is not enough for Orlik – the tortures recommence. ''Scene 2: A terrace of Mazeppa's castle. The same night'' Mazeppa ponders the terrible blow that will befall Mariya when she learns what he has done to her father – he has to be strong whilst he's trying to consolidate his power, but Mariya... Orlik arrives. Kochubey has revealed nothing about his treasure as yet. The execution is set for dawn, and Orlik is sent off to resume what needs to be done. Mazeppa ponders Mariya and the night. Mariya arrives, and flirts with him, but her thoughts turn darker – why is he spending so much time away from her of late? Why did he toast Poltava the other night? Who is she? She gave up everything for him – if he rejected her now... Mazeppa tries to calm her, unsuccessfully at first, but eventually succeeds. He reveals his plan to gain independence for Ukraine, making himself King and Mariya queen. Mariya thinks the crown would suit him very well. He then begins testing her out about her father – who does she care for more – her husband or her family? Eventually Mariya says she would give up – indeed, has given up, everything for him. Mazeppa leaves, reassured. Lyubov arrives, and pleads with Mariya to go to Mazeppa to save Kochubey – only she can save him. Mariya, not knowing anything about it, takes some time to figure out what was going on, but then is horrified and faints, unable to bear it. Lyubov shakes her awake – the procession is already leaving. The two run off in an attempt to plead with Mazeppa for Kochubey's life. ''Scene 3: By the town ramparts'' The poor of the city have gathered for the execution, but their grim fears for Kochubey and hatred of Mazeppa are interrupted by a drunken Cossack singing a cheery little folk song. Mazeppa and Orlik arrive, Kochubey and Iskra are dragged on as prisoners and pray to God to forgive them. They are dragged to the stocks – the crowd gathers round – The axes are raised. Mariya and Lyubov arrive – just in time to see the axes fall. Lyubov rejects Mariya, who collapses in tears as the grim final chords of the chorus echo over the stage. Curtain.


Act 3

''Orchestral Interlude: The
Battle of Poltava The Battle of Poltava took place 8 July 1709, was the decisive and largest battle of the Great Northern War. The Russian army under the command of Tsar Peter I defeated the Swedish army commanded by Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld. The battle would l ...
: Peter the Great's defeat of Mazeppa and
Charles XII of Sweden Charles XII, sometimes Carl XII () or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 Old Style and New Style dates, O.S.), was King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of the House of ...
'' ''Scene 1: The ruins of Kochubey's estate, near the battlefield'' Andrei has fought in the Battle of Poltava, but was unable to find Mazeppa. He wanders around the ruins of the estate, remembering happier times. Horsemen approach and he hides. Mazeppa and Orlik are fleeing the battle, Mazeppa brooding over having once been powerful, but now, in one day, having lost everything. He sends Orlik off to prepare camp. Andrei springs out and challenges Mazeppa with his sword. Mazeppa warns Andrei he is armed. Andrei charges at him, sword waving... and Mazeppa shoots him. Mariya arrives, completely mad. She does not recognise Mazeppa, and has convinced herself that her father's trick was just a joke played on her by her mother. But she sees blood everywhere. Mazeppa tries to comfort her – she starts to be, and babbles to him, but then sees blood on his face, and apologises: She had thought him someone else, but the person she thought he was had white hair, and his is covered with blood. Orlik returns and warns Mazeppa that troops approach – Mazeppa wants to take Mariya, but Orlik points out she'd slow them down. He asks whether Mazeppa cares more for a mad woman or his own head, and Mazeppa reluctantly leaves Mariya behind. Mariya finds Andrei, and the blood on him – she cries out at finding blood everywhere, and remembers "dreams" of an execution. Andrei stirs, not quite dead, and Mariya mistakes him for a young child. He begs Mariya to look at him so he can see her face one last time – but she is in her own world, and just sings a lullaby to him, not realising what's happening or who he is. Part way through it, he dies, giving her one last farewell. Mariya continues rocking his corpse, singing the lullaby and staring into the distance as the opera ends.


Historical basis of the plot

Vasily Kochubey.JPG, Pylyp Orlyk 3.jpg, Peter der-Grosse 1838.jpg,


Structure

::Introduction Act 1 :''Scene 1'' ::No.1 Chorus of Maidens and Scene: ''Я завью венок мой душистый (Ya zav'yu venok moy dushistiy)'' ::No.2 Scene, Mariya's Arioso and Duet: ''Вам любы песни, милые подружки (Vam lyuby pesni, miliye podruzhki)'' ::No.3 Scene: ''Ну, чествуешь, Василий, ты меня" (Nu, Cestvuyes', Vasiliy, ti menya)'' ::No.4 Chorus and Dance: ''Нету, нету тут мосточка, нету переходу (Netu, netu tut mostocka, netu perekhodu)'' ::No.4a
Hopak Hopak (, ) is a Ukrainian folk dance originating as a male dance among the Zaporozhian Cossacks, but later danced by couples, male soloists, and mixed groups of dancers. It is performed most often as a solitary concert dance by amateur and profess ...
::No.5 Scene and Mazeppa's Arioso: ''Вот хорошо, люблю... (Vot khoroso, lyublyu...)'' ::No.6 Quarrel Scene: ''Мазепа, ты меня смущаешь речью (Mazeppa, ty menya smushchayesh' rech'yu)'' :''Scene 2'' ::No.7 Chorus and Mother's Lament: ''Не гроза небеса кроет тучею (Ne groza nebesa kroyet tucheyu)'' ::No.8 Finale: ''Очнись от горя, Кочубей! (Ochnis' ot gorya, Kochubey!)'' Act 2 :''Scene 1'' ::No.9 Dungeon Scene: ''Так вот награда за донос (Tak Vot Nagrada Za Donos)'' :''Scene 2'' ::No.10 Mazeppa's Monologue and Scene with Orlik: ''Тиха украинская ночь (Tikha ukraynskaya noch)'' ::No.10a Mazeppa's Arioso: ''О Мария, Мария! (O, Mariya, Mariya!)'' ::No.11 Mazeppa's Scene with Mariya: ''Мой милый друг! (Moy Miliy Drug!)'' ::No.12 Scene Between Mariya and her Mother: ''Как блещут звёзды в небе (Kak blescut zvyozdi v Nebe)'' :''Scene 3'' ::No.13 Crowd Scene and Drunken Cossack's Song: ''Скоро ли? Везут аль нет?... Молодушка, молода (Skoro Li? Vezut al' net? ... Molodushka, moloda)'' ::No.14 Finale: ''Ой, гой, чумандра, чумандриха молода! (Oy, goy, chumandra, chumandrikha Moloda!)'' Act 3 ::No.15 Entr'acte: ''The Battle Of Poltava'' :''Scene'' ::No.16 Scene and Andrei's Aria: ''В бою кровавом, на поле чести (V boyu krovavom, na pole chesti)'' ::No.17 Scene and Duet: ''Невдалеке я слышу топот (Nevdaleke ya slishu topot...)'' ::No.18 Onset of Mariya's Madness: ''Несчастный! видит Бог, я не хотел твоей погибели (Nescastniy! Vidit Bog, ya ne khotel tvoey pogibeli)'' ::No.19 Finale: ''Ушёл старик, как сердце бьётся (Ushol starik, kak serdtse byotsya)''


Related works

The work was also arranged by Tchaikovsky for voices with piano (1883).


Recordings

*1949, Vasiliy Nebolsin (conductor), Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra and Chorus; Aleksey Ivanov (Mazepa), Nina Pokrovskaya (Mariya), Ivan Petrov (Kochubey), Vera Davydova (Lyubov), Grigoriy Bolshakov (Andrey), Vsevolod Tyutyunnik (Orlik), Tikhon Tchernyakov (Iskra) *1982, Fuat Mansurov (conductor), Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra and Chorus; Vladimir Valaitis (Mazepa),
Tamara Milashkina Tamara Andreyevna Milashkina (née Mirnenko; ; 13 September 1934 – 10 January 2024) was a Russian lyric and dramatic soprano. A member of the Bolshoi Theatre from 1958 to 1989, she also appeared at La Scala in Milan, throughout Europe and at t ...
(Mariya),
Yevgeny Nesterenko Yevgeny Yevgenievich Nesterenko (; 8 January 1938 – 20 March 2021) was a Soviet and Russian operatic bass. He made an international career, based at the Bolshoi Theatre. He performed a vast repertoire of 50 leading roles, and was known for the ...
(Kochubey), Irina Arkhipova (Lyubov), Vladislav Pyavko (Andrey) *1993,
Neeme Järvi Neeme Järvi (; born 7 June 1937) is an Estonian Americans, Estonian American conductor. Early life Järvi was born in Tallinn. He initially studied music there, and later in Saint Petersburg, Leningrad at the Leningrad Conservatory under Yevge ...
(conductor),
Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra (GSO; ) is a Swedish symphony orchestra based in Gothenburg. The GSO is resident at the Gothenburg Concert Hall at Götaplatsen. The orchestra received the title of the National Orchestra of Sweden () in 1997. Ba ...
, Chorus of the Royal Opera Stockholm; Sergei Leiferkus (Mazepa), Larissa Diadkova (Lyubov), Galina Gorchakova (Mariya), Anatoly Kocherga (Kochubey),
Sergej Larin Sergej Alekseyevich LarinIn English, his first name is also sometimes spelled as 'Sergey' or 'Sergei' (; ; March 9, 1956 – January 13, 2008)ObituarySergej Larin, 51, Russian Tenor Who Found Acclaim in European and American Houses, Has Died' ...
(Andrey), Richard Margison (Iskra), Monte Pederson (Orlik),
Heinz Zednik Heinz Zednik (born 21 February 1940) is an Austrian operatic buffo tenor, closely associated with the character tenor roles of Wagner such as Mime and Loge (''Der Ring des Nibelungen'') and David (''Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg''). He is also ...
(Drunken Cossack) *1996,
Valery Gergiev Valery Abisalovich Gergiev (, ; ; born 2 May 1953) is a Russian conducting, conductor and opera company director. He is currently general director and artistic director of the Mariinsky Theatre and of the Bolshoi Theatre and artistic director o ...
(conductor), Kirov Opera Orchestra and Chorus; Nikolai Putilin (Mazepa), Irina Loskutova (Mariya), Sergei Aleksashkin (Kochubey), Larissa Diadkova (Lyubov), Viktor Lutsiuk (Andrey), Nikolai Gassiev (Drunken Cossack)


References

Sources *
Earl of Harewood Earl of Harewood (), in the County of York, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. History The title was created in 1812 for Edward Lascelles, 1st Baron Harewood, a wealthy sugar plantation owner and former Member of Parliament fo ...
, (Ed. & Rev.), ''
The New Kobbé's Complete Opera Book ''The Complete Opera Book'' is a guide to operas by American music critic and author Gustav Kobbé first published (posthumously) in the United States in 1919 and the United Kingdom in 1922. A revised edition from 1954 by the Earl of Harewood i ...
''. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1976. *Poznansky, Alexander; Langston, Brett, ''The Tchaikovsky Handbook: A guide to the man and his music''. Indiana University Press, 2002, Vol. 1. Thematic Catalogue of Works, Catalogue of Photographs, Autobiography. 636 pages. . *Poznansky, Alexander; Langston, Brett, ''The Tchaikovsky Handbook: A guide to the man and his music''. Indiana University Press, 2002. Vol. 2. Catalogue of Letters, Genealogy, Bibliography. 832 pages. . *Program brochure of the performance of Mazeppa in 2006 by the
Opéra National de Lyon The Opéra National de Lyon (), marketed as Opéra de Lyon during the last decade, is an opera company in Lyon, based and performing mostly at the Opéra Nouvel, an 1831 theater that was modernized and architecturally transformed in 1993. Histo ...
at the
Edinburgh International Festival The Edinburgh International Festival is an annual arts festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, spread over the final three weeks in August. Notable figures from the international world of music (especially european classical music, classical music) and ...
. *Taruskin, Richard, "''Mazeppa''" in
Stanley Sadie Stanley John Sadie (; 30 October 1930 – 21 March 2005) was a British musicologist, music critic, and editor. He was editor of the sixth edition of the '' Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' (1980), which was published as the first edition ...
(ed.), ''
The New Grove Dictionary of Opera ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'' is an encyclopedia of opera. It is the largest work on opera in English, and in its printed form, amounts to 5,448 pages in four volumes. The dictionary was first published in 1992 by Macmillan Reference, L ...
''. New York, 1992. Vol. Four, pp. 287–288. and *Zajaczkowski, Henry, ''An Introduction to Tchaikovsky's Operas'', Praeger Publishers, 30 May 2005. Hardcover Citations


External links

*
SynopsisRussian libretto in zip file for WordTchaikovsky ResearchFrench Libretto
{{Authority control Operas by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Operas based on works by Aleksandr Pushkin Russian-language operas 1884 operas Operas Operas set in Ukraine Operas set in the 18th century Operas based on real people Cultural depictions of Ivan Mazepa