''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

s in the family

Celastraceae The Celastraceae (staff-vine or bittersweet) are a family of 97 genera and 1,350 species of herbs, vines, shrubs and small trees, belonging to the order Celastrales. The great majority of the genera are tropical, with only ''Celastrus'' (the s ...

. Members of the genus are distributed throughout

Central Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known a ...

and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the souther ...

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

Micronesia Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of about 2,000 small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: the Philippines to the west, Polynesia to the east, and ...

and

Australasia Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term is used in a number of different contexts, including geopolitically, physiogeographically, philologically, and ecolo ...

, the

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by ...

and

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

. They grow in a very wide variety of climates, from tropical to subpolar. The traditional circumscription of ''Maytenus'' is

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

, so many species have been transferred to ''

Denhamia ''Denhamia'' is a genus of plants within the family Celastraceae, with species in Australia and New Caledonia. The species inhabit a variety of environments, from rainforest to semi-arid savanna. All species grow as shrubs or small trees up to ...

'', ''

Gymnosporia ''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with '' Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...

'', '' Monteverdia'', and ''Tricerma''.

Selected species

* ''

Maytenus abbottii ''Maytenus abbottii'' is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to South Africa. It is threatened by habitat loss. This is a small gregarious tree favouring moist places such as stream banks in coastal lowland forest. Ther ...

A.E.van Wyk Abraham Erasmus van Wyk, also known as Braam van Wyk (born 1952, Wolmaransstad) is a South African plant taxonomist. He has been responsible for the training of a significant percentage of the active plant taxonomists in South Africa and has al ...

* ''

Maytenus acuminata ''Maytenus acuminata'' (also called the silky bark, umNama or Sybas) is a variable, medium-sized, evergreen tree indigenous to Africa, including South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmos ...

'' (L.f.) Loes. * ''

Maytenus boaria ''Maytenus boaria'' (mayten) is an evergreen tree of the family Celastraceae, native from South America, up to , diameter, straight trunk. It occurs naturally approximately from 30 to 50ºS: Chile. Description Its leaves are small, alternate ...

'' Molina (

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...

) * ''

Maytenus buxifolia ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Indi ...

'' (A.Rich.) Griseb. (

West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Great ...

) * ''

Maytenus canariensis ''Maytenus canariensis'' is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is a conservation dependent tree endemic to the Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; es, Canarias, ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish aut ...

'' (Loes.)

G. Kunkel G is the seventh letter of the Latin alphabet. G may also refer to: Places * Gabon, international license plate code G * Glasgow, UK postal code G * Eastern Quebec, Canadian postal prefix G * Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Australia, ...

& Sunding * ''

Maytenus curtissii ''Maytenus curtisii'' is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is found in Malaysia and Thailand. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a na ...

'' (

King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the ...

) Ding Hou * ''

Maytenus hookeri ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Indi ...

'' Loes. * ''

Maytenus jamesonii ''Maytenus jamesonii'' is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is a tree endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also term ...

Briq. John Isaac Briquet (13 March 1870 in Geneva – 26 October 1931 in Geneva) was a Swiss botanist, director of the ''Conservatoire Botanique'' at Geneva. He received his education in natural sciences at Geneva and Berlin,

* ''

Maytenus lucidus ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Indi ...

'' * ''

Maytenus magellanica ''Maytenus magellanica'' (Magellan's mayten or hard log mayten; ''leña dura'' in Spanish) is a small evergreen tree from the genus '' Maytenus'', up to 5 meters (16 ft), in the Celastraceae. It grows in southern Argentina and Chile from 36� ...

'' ( Lam.) Hook.f. * '' Maytenus obtusifolia'' * '' Maytenus octogona'' * '' Maytenus oleoides'' Loes. * ''

Maytenus oleosa ''Maytenus oleosa'' is a rare, willow-like, small tree in the family Celastraceae which is limited in habitat to lowland forests along the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape coasts of South Africa, particularly where there are streams or rivers. It ...

'' A.E.van Wyk & R.H.Archer * ''

Maytenus phyllanthoides ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central America, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Aust ...

'' Benth. – Florida mayten, guttapercha mayten * '' Maytenus procumbens'' (L.f.) Loes. * ''

Maytenus reynosioides ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Ind ...

'' Urb. * ''

Maytenus undata ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Ind ...

'' (Thunb.) Blakelock * ''

Maytenus vitis-idaea ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Indi ...

'' – Indian's salt * '' Maytenus williamsii'' A.Molina Undescribed species: * ''Maytenus'' sp. nov. A Miller (Yemen)

Formerly placed here

* '' Denhamia bilocularis'' (F.Muell.) M.P. Simmons – Orangebark * '' Denhamia cunninghamii'' (Hook.) M.P. Simmons – Koonkara * '' Denhamia disperma'' (F.Muell.) M.P. Simmons * '' Denhamia fasciculiflora'' (Jessup) M.P. Simmons * '' Denhamia ferdinandi'' (Jessup) M.P. Simmons * ''

Denhamia silvestris ''Denhamia silvestris'' is a shrub or small tree growing from Picton, New South Wales (34° S) near Kroombit Tops, near Gladstone, Queensland (23° S). It occurs in dry rainforest, eucalyptus and rainforest ecotone areas. Common names include n ...

'' (Lander & L.A.S.Johnson) M.P. Simmons – Narrow-leaved orangebark, orange bark, orange bush * '' Gymnosporia addat''

Loes. Ludwig Eduard Theodor Lösener (23 November 1865 – 2 June 1941) was a German botanist who collected widely in the field in Germany: Amrum island (1912), the Alps, the Black Forest, Bavaria, Rügen island and Tyrol in modern Austria. His specialit ...

* '' Gymnosporia austroyunnanensis'' (S.J. Pei & Y.H. Li) M.P. Simmons * '' Gymnosporia dhofarensis'' ( Sebsebe) Jordaan * '' Gymnosporia diversifolia'' Maxim. (as ''M. diversifolia'' (Maxim.) Ding Hou) * '' Gymnosporia harenensis'' (Sebsebe) Jordaan * ''

Gymnosporia heterophylla ''Gymnosporia heterophylla'', the common spike-thorn, is a small, hardy, deciduous African tree up to 5m tall, occurring in rocky places with a wide distribution from Ethiopia, the Sudan and the Congo, south to the Cape Province and west to Ang ...

'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Loes. (as ''M. heterophylla'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N. Robson) * '' Gymnosporia nemorosa'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Szyszyl. (as ''M. nemorosa'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Marais) * '' Gymnosporia rothiana'' (Walp.) Wight & Arn. ex M.A.Lawson (as ''M. rothiana'' (Walp.) Lobr.-Callen) * ''

Gymnosporia royleana ''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with '' Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...

'' Wall. ex M.A.Lawson (as ''M. royleana'' (Wall. ex M. A. Lawson) Cufod.) * ''

Gymnosporia senegalensis ''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with ''Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated bra ...

'' (Lam.) Loes. (as ''M. senegalensis'' (Lam.) Exell) * '' Gymnosporia thomsonii'' Kurz (as ''M. thomsonii'' (Kurz) V.S.Raju & Babu) * '' Monteverdia aquifolia'' (Mart.) Biral * '' Monteverdia clarendonensis'' ( Britton) Biral * '' Monteverdia crassipes'' (

Urb. Ignatz Urban (7 January 1848 – 7 January 1931) was a German botanist. He is known for his contributions to the flora of the Caribbean and Brazil, and for his work as curator of the Berlin Botanical Garden. Born the son of a brewer, Urban sh ...

) Biral * '' Monteverdia cymosa'' (Krug & Urban) Biral – Caribbean mayten * '' Monteverdia eggersii'' (Loes.) Biral * '' Monteverdia elongata'' (Urban) Biral – Puerto Rico mayten * '' Monteverdia harrisii'' (Krug & Urb.) Biral * '' Monteverdia ilicifolia'' (

Mart. Carl Friedrich Philipp (Karl Friedrich Philipp) von Martius (17 April 1794 – 13 December 1868) was a German botany, botanist and explorer. Life Martius was born at Erlangen, the son of Prof Ernst Wilhelm Martius, court apothecary. He graduat ...

Reissek Siegfried Reissek (11 April 1819 in Teschen – 9 November 1871 in Vienna) was an Austrian naturalist and botanist who specialized in spermatophytes. He is known for his studies involving plant anatomy and histology. From 1837 to 1841 he wa ...

) Biral * '' Monteverdia jefeana'' ( Lundell) Biral * '' Monteverdia krukovii'' (A.C. Sm.) Biral * '' Monteverdia laevigata'' (Vahl) Biral – White cinnamon * '' Monteverdia laevis'' (Reissek) Biral * '' Monteverdia macrocarpa'' (Ruiz & Pav.) Biral * '' Monteverdia manabiensis'' (Loes.) Biral * '' Monteverdia matudae'' (Lundell) Biral * '' Monteverdia microcarpa'' (

Fawc. William Fawcett (1851–1926) was a British botanist and coauthor of the ''Flora of Jamaica''. He was born in Arklow, County Wicklow, on 13 February 1851. He studied at the University of London, obtaining a BSc in 1879. He became a Fellow of th ...

& Rendle) Biral * ''

Monteverdia ponceana ''Monteverdia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. In a taxonomic review, Leonardo Biral ''et al.'' (2017) in '' Systematic Botany'' 42 (4), reclassified 123 species of '' Maytenus'' now placed in the genus ''Monteverdi ...

'' ( Britt.) Biral * '' Monteverdia quadrangulata'' (Schrad.) Biral * '' Monteverdia robusta'' (Reissek) Biral * '' Monteverdia stipitata'' (Lundell) Biral

Cultivation and uses

'' and ''

'' are the most known species in Europe and the United States because these are the most cold-tolerant trees of this mostly

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

genus. The bark of ''

Maytenus krukovii ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Ind ...

'' has a variety of documented medicinal properties; it is also sometimes admixed into decoctions of

ayahuasca AyahuascaPronounced as in the UK and in the US. Also occasionally known in English as ''ayaguasca'' ( Spanish-derived), ''aioasca'' (Brazilian Portuguese-derived), or as ''yagé'', pronounced or . Etymologically, all forms but ''yagé'' desce ...

References

Flora of Pakistan
Celastrales genera Ayahuasca Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{Celastraceae-stub