''Maytenus'' is a genus of
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...
s in the family
Celastraceae
The Celastraceae (staff-vine or bittersweet) are a family of 98 genera and 1,350 species of herbs, vines, shrubs and small trees, belonging to the order Celastrales. The great majority of the genera are tropical, with only ''Celastrus'' (the staf ...
. Members of the genus are distributed throughout
Central and
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...
,
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...
,
Micronesia
Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of approximately 2,000 small islands in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: Maritime Southeast Asia to the west, Poly ...
, and
Australasia
Australasia is a subregion of Oceania, comprising Australia, New Zealand (overlapping with Polynesia), and sometimes including New Guinea and surrounding islands (overlapping with Melanesia). The term is used in a number of different context ...
, the
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia (continent), ...
and
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...
. They grow in a very wide variety of climates, from tropical to subpolar. The traditional circumscription of ''Maytenus'' was
paraphyletic
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...
, so many species have been transferred to ''
Denhamia'' and ''
Gymnosporia
''Gymnosporia'' is an Old World genus of plants, that comprise suffrutices, shrubs and trees. It was formerly considered congeneric with '' Maytenus'', but more recent investigations separated it based on the presence of achyblasts (truncated b ...
''.
Species
176 species are accepted.
[
* '' Maytenus abbottii'' A.E.van Wyk
* '' Maytenus acanthophylla''
* '' Maytenus acuminata'' (L.f.) Loes.
* '' Maytenus agostinii''
* '' Maytenus alaternoides''
* '' Maytenus albata''
* '' Maytenus amazonica''
* '' Maytenus angolensis''
* '' Maytenus apiculata''
* '' Maytenus apurimacensis''
* '' Maytenus aquifolium'' (Mart.)
* '' Maytenus ardisiifolia''
* '' Maytenus basidentata''
* '' Maytenus belizensis''
* '' Maytenus boaria'' Molina (]type species
In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
)
* '' Maytenus boarioides''
* '' Maytenus brasiliensis''
* '' Maytenus buxifolia'' (A.Rich.) Griseb. (West Indies
The West Indies is an island subregion of the Americas, surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, which comprises 13 independent island country, island countries and 19 dependent territory, dependencies in thr ...
)
* '' Maytenus cajalbanica''
* '' Maytenus cassineformis''
* '' Maytenus cassinoides''
* '' Maytenus catingarum''
* '' Maytenus cestrifolia''
* '' Maytenus chapadensis''
* '' Maytenus chasei''
* '' Maytenus calzadae ''Mart.
Carl Friedrich Philipp (Karl Friedrich Philipp) von Martius (17 April 1794 – 13 December 1868) was a German botany, botanist and explorer. Between 1817 and 1820, he travelled 10,000 km through Brazil while collecting botanical specimens. His m ...
ex Reissek
* '' Maytenus imbricata''
* '' Maytenus inflata''
* '' Maytenus insculpta''
* '' Maytenus jamaicensis''
* '' Maytenus jamesonii'' Briq.
* '' Maytenus jefeana'' Lundell[
* '' Maytenus jelskii''
* '' Maytenus kanukuensis''
* '' Maytenus karstenii''
* '' Maytenus laevigata'' (Vahl) Griseb. ex Eggers][ – White cinnamon
* '' Maytenus laevis'' Reissek
* '' Maytenus laurina''
* '' Maytenus laxiflora''
* '' Maytenus lineata''
* '' Maytenus listeri''
* '' Maytenus littoralis''
* '' Maytenus loeseneri''
* '' Maytenus longifolia''
* '' Maytenus longistipitata''
* '' Maytenus lucayana''
* '' Maytenus lucida''
* '' Maytenus macrocarpa'' (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq.
* '' Maytenus magellanica'' ( Lam.) Hook.f.
* '' Maytenus manabiensis'' Loes.
* '' Maytenus matudae'' Lundell
* '' Maytenus mayana''
* '' Maytenus megalocarpa''
* '' Maytenus meguillensis''
* '' Maytenus meridensis''
* '' Maytenus microcarpa'' Fawc. & Rendle
* '' Maytenus microphylla''
* '' Maytenus monodii''
* '' Maytenus monticola''
* '' Maytenus mornicola''
* '' Maytenus mucugensis''
* '' Maytenus myrsinoides''
* '' Maytenus neblinae''
* '' Maytenus nitida''
* '' Maytenus oblongata''
* '' Maytenus obtusifolia''
* '' Maytenus ocoensis''
* '' Maytenus oleoides'' Loes.
* '' Maytenus oleosa'' A.E.van Wyk & R.H.Archer
* '' Maytenus opaca''
* '' Maytenus orbicularis''
* '' Maytenus parvifolia''
* '' Maytenus patens''
* '' Maytenus pavonii''
* '' Maytenus peduncularis''
* '' Maytenus peruana''
* '' Maytenus phyllanthoides'' Benth. – Florida mayten, guttapercha mayten
* '' Maytenus pittieriana''
* '' Maytenus planifolia''
* '' Maytenus ponceana'' Britton
* '' Maytenus procumbens'' (L.f.) Loes.
* '' Maytenus pruinosa''
* '' Maytenus prunifolia''
* '' Maytenus psammophila''
* '' Maytenus pseudoboaria''
* '' Maytenus purpusii''
* '' Maytenus pustulata''
* '' Maytenus quadrangulata'' (Schrad.) Loes.
* '' Maytenus radlkoferiana''
* '' Maytenus recondita''
* '' Maytenus reflexa''
* '' Maytenus repanda''
* '' Maytenus retusa''
* '' Maytenus revoluta''
* '' Maytenus reynosioides'' Urb.
* '' Maytenus rigida''
* '' Maytenus robustoides''
* '' Maytenus rupestris''
* '' Maytenus salicifolia''
* '' Maytenus samydiformis''
* '' Maytenus saxicola''
* '' Maytenus schippii''
* '' Maytenus schumanniana''
* '' Maytenus segoviarum''
* '' Maytenus serpentini''
* '' Maytenus sieberiana''
* '' Maytenus spinosa''
* '' Maytenus splendens''
* '' Maytenus sprucei''
* '' Maytenus stipitata'' Lundell
* '' Maytenus subalata''
* '' Maytenus suboppositifolia''
* '' Maytenus tetragona''
* '' Maytenus theoides''
* '' Maytenus tikalensis''
* '' Maytenus trianae''
* '' Maytenus truncata''
* '' Maytenus tunarina''
* '' Maytenus umbellata''
* '' Maytenus undata'' (Thunb.) Blakelock
* '' Maytenus urbaniana''
* '' Maytenus urbanii''
* '' Maytenus urquiolae''
* '' Maytenus versluysii''
* '' Maytenus verticillata''
* '' Maytenus vexata''
* '' Maytenus virens''
* '' Maytenus viscifolia''
* '' Maytenus vitis-idaea'' – Indian's salt
* '' Maytenus wendtii''
* '' Maytenus williamsii'' A.Molina]
Formerly placed here
* '' Denhamia bilocularis'' (F.Muell.) M.P.Simmons[ – Orangebark][ – Koonkara][ (as ''M. cunninghamii'' )
* '' Denhamia disperma'' (F.Muell.) M.P.Simmons][ (as ''M. disperma'' )
* '' Denhamia fasciculiflora'' (Jessup) M.P.Simmons][ (as ''M. fasciculiflora'' )
* '' Denhamia muelleri'' (Benth.) Jessup][ (as ''M. ferdinandi'' )
* '' Denhamia silvestris'' (Lander & L.A.S.Johnson) M.P. Simmons][ (as ''M. silvestris'' ) – Narrow-leaved orangebark, orange bark, orange bush][
* '' Gymnosporia addat'' Loes. (as ''M. addat'' )
* '' Gymnosporia austroyunnanensis'' (S.J. Pei & Y.H. Li) M.P. Simmons (as ''M. austroyunnanensis'' )
* '' Gymnosporia cassinoides'' (as ''M. canariensis'' or ''M. dryandri'' var. ''canariensis'' )
* '' Gymnosporia dhofarensis'' ( Sebsebe) Jordaan (as ''M. dhofarensis'' )
* '' Gymnosporia diversifolia'' Maxim. (as ''M. diversifolia'' (Maxim.) Ding Hou)
* '' Gymnosporia harenensis'' (Sebsebe) Jordaan (as ''M. harenensis'' )
* '' Gymnosporia heterophylla'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Loes. (as ''M. heterophylla'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N. Robson)
* '' Gymnosporia nemorosa'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Szyszyl. (as ''M. nemorosa'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Marais)
* '' Gymnosporia rothiana'' (Walp.) Wight & Arn. ex M.A.Lawson (as ''M. rothiana'' (Walp.) Lobr.-Callen)
* '' Gymnosporia royleana'' Wall. ex M.A.Lawson (as ''M. royleana'' (Wall. ex M. A. Lawson) Cufod.)
* '' Gymnosporia senegalensis'' (Lam.) Loes. (as '' M. senegalensis'' (Lam.) Exell)
* '' Gymnosporia stylosa'' (as ''M. stylosa'' or ''M. curtisii'' (]King
King is a royal title given to a male monarch. A king is an Absolute monarchy, absolute monarch if he holds unrestricted Government, governmental power or exercises full sovereignty over a nation. Conversely, he is a Constitutional monarchy, ...
) Ding Hou)
* '' Gymnosporia thomsonii'' Kurz (as ''M. thomsonii'' (Kurz) V.S.Raju & Babu)
Cultivation and uses
'' Maytenus boaria'' and '' Maytenus magellanica'' are the most known species in Europe and the United States because these are the most cold-tolerant trees of this mostly tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...
genus. The bark of '' Maytenus krukovii'' has a variety of documented medicinal properties; it is also sometimes admixed into decoctions of ayahuasca
AyahuascaPronounced as in the UK and in the US. Also occasionally known in English as ''ayaguasca'' (Spanish-derived), ''aioasca'' (Brazilian Portuguese-derived), or as ''yagé'', pronounced or . Etymologically, all forms but ''yagé'' descen ...
.
References
External links
Flora of Pakistan
Celastrales genera
Ayahuasca
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Long stubs with short prose
{{Celastraceae-stub