Max Johann Sigismund Schultze (25 March 1825 – 16 January 1874) was a German microscopic

anatomist Anatomy () is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old scien ...

noted for his work on

cell theory In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pr ...

Biography

Schultze was born in

Freiburg im Breisgau Freiburg im Breisgau or simply Freiburg is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, fourth-largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart, Mannheim and Karlsruhe. Its built-up area has a population of abou ...

(Baden), son of the anatomist

Karl August Sigismund Schultze Karl August Sigismund Schultze (1 October 1795-28 May 1877) was a German anatomist. He is known for the anatomy building at the University of Greifswald, which he had built, and for making the first formal description of a tardigrade. Life ...

(1795–1877). He studied medicine at

Greifswald Greifswald (), officially the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald (, Low German: ''Griepswoold'') is the fourth-largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rostock, Schwerin and Neubrandenburg. In 2021 it surpa ...

and

Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...

, and was appointed an associate professor of anatomy at the

university of Halle Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg. It is the largest and oldest university in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. MLU offers German and i ...

in 1854. Five years later he became a full professor of anatomy and

histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissue (biology), tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at large ...

and director of the Anatomical Institute at the

University of Bonn The University of Bonn, officially the Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn (), is a public research university in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded in its present form as the () on 18 October 1818 by Frederick Willi ...

. He died in Bonn on 16 January 1874; his successor at the anatomical institute being Adolph von La Valette-St. George. He was the older brother of

obstetrician Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. As a medical specialty, obstetrics is combined with gynecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN), which is a surgi ...

Bernhard Sigmund Schultze (1827–1919). He founded, in 1865, and edited the important "''Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie''", to which he contributed many papers, and he advanced the subject generally, by refining on its technical methods. His works included: *''Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien'' (1851). *''Uber den Organismus der Polythalamien'' (1854). *''Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Landplanarien'' (1857). *''Zur Kenntnis der elektrischen Organe der Fische'' (1858). *''Ein heizbarer Objecttisch und seine Verwendung bei Untersuchungen des Blutes'', (In 1865 Schultze provided the first accurate description of the

platelet Platelets or thrombocytes () are a part of blood whose function (along with the coagulation#Coagulation factors, coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping to form a thrombus, blood clot. Platelets have no ...

). *''Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina'' (1866). His name is especially known for his work on

. Uniting Félix Dujardin's conception of animal sarcode with Hugo von Mohl's of vegetable protoplasma, he pointed out their identity, and included them under the common name of

protoplasm Protoplasm (; ) is the part of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. It is a mixture of small molecules such as ions, monosaccharides, amino acids, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc. In some definitions ...

, defining the cell as a nucleated mass of protoplasm with or without a

cell wall A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some Cell type, cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. Primarily, it provides the cell with structural support, shape, protection, ...

(''Das Protoplasma der Rhizopoden und der Pflanzenzellen; ein Beiträg zur Theorie der Zelle'', 1863). Schultze studied medicine with the naturalist

Fritz Müller Johann Friedrich Theodor Müller (; 31 March 182221 May 1897), better known as Fritz Müller (), and also as Müller-Desterro, was a German biologist who emigrated to southern Brazil, where he lived in and near the city of Blumenau, Santa Cata ...

, a German biologist and doctor who became a naturalized Brazilian. It was mainly because of his friendship and correspondence with Schultze that Müller to some extent was able to follow the debate in Europe about Darwin's theory of evolution. Schultze periodically sent him scientific literature, among which was Darwin's ''

On the Origin of Species ''On the Origin of Species'' (or, more completely, ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life'')The book's full original title was ''On the Origin of Species by M ...

'', and a small microscope manufactured in Berlin, by Friedrich Wilhelm Schiek (1857). Thanks to this microscope, Müller hypothesized from his own studies that "all higher Crustacea probably will be traceable to a Zoea ancestor". Based on these studies Müller also wrote his book ''Für Darwin'', in defense of Darwin's theories, corroborating the theory of natural selection. Swedish pathologist Axel Key studied under Schultze from 1860 to 1861 in Bonn.

References

Sources

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Schultze, Max 1825 births 1874 deaths 19th-century German zoologists German anatomists German microbiologists Scientists from Freiburg im Breisgau University of Greifswald alumni Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Academic staff of the University of Halle Academic staff of the University of Bonn People from the Grand Duchy of Baden

Biography

See also

References

Sources