was a feudal domain under the

Tokugawa shogunate The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars ...

Edo period The , also known as the , is the period between 1600 or 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when the country was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and some 300 regional ''daimyo'', or feudal lords. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengok ...

Japan, in what is now central

Ehime Prefecture is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Ehime Prefecture has a population of 1,334,841 and a geographic area of 5,676 km2 (2,191 sq mi). Ehime Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the northeast, Toku ...

on the island of

Shikoku is the smallest of the List of islands of Japan#Main islands, four main islands of Japan. It is long and between at its widest. It has a population of 3.8 million, the least populated of Japan's four main islands. It is south of Honshu ...

. It was centered around Matsuyama Castle, and was ruled throughout most of its history by the '' shinpan daimyō''

Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan The was a Japanese samurai clan that descended from the Minamoto clan. It originated in and took its name from Matsudaira village, in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture). During the Sengoku period, the chieftain of the main line of the ...

. Iyo-Matsuyama Domain was dissolved in the

abolition of the han system The in the Empire of Japan and its replacement by a system of prefectures in 1871 was the culmination of the Meiji Restoration begun in 1868, the starting year of the Meiji period. Under the reform, all daimyos (, ''daimyō'', feudal lords) ...

in 1871 and is now part of

History

Katō Yoshiaki was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the late Sengoku period to early Edo period; he served as lord of the Aizu Domain. As a retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Katō fought in the battle of Shizugatake in 1583 and soon became known as one of the ''shich ...

was one of

Toyotomi Hideyoshi , otherwise known as and , was a Japanese samurai and ''daimyō'' (feudal lord) of the late Sengoku period, Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods and regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.Richard Holmes, The World Atlas of Warfare: ...

's most trusted and experienced generals, having distinguished himself at the

Battle of Shizugatake The took place during the Sengoku period of Japan between Toyotomi Hideyoshi (then Hashiba Hideyoshi) and Shibata Katsuie in Nagahama, Shiga, Shizugatake, Ōmi Province over a period of two days beginning on the 20th day of the fourth month of ...

in 1583 and in the

Japanese invasions of Korea Japanese invasions of Korea may refer to: *Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) *Donghak Peasant Revolution ** Japanese occupation of Gyeongbokgung *Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese War (8 February 1904 – 5 September 1905) was fou ...

, After Hideyoshi's death in 1598, Katō sided with

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu (born Matsudaira Takechiyo; 31 January 1543 – 1 June 1616) was the founder and first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which ruled from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was the third of the three "Gr ...

at the

Battle of Sekigahara The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: ; Kyūjitai: , Hepburn romanization: ''Sekigahara no Tatakai'') was an important battle in Japan which occurred on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu Prefecture, ...

in 1600, and his 60,000 ''

koku The is a Chinese-based Japanese unit of volume. One koku is equivalent to 10 or approximately , or about of rice. It converts, in turn, to 100 shō and 1,000 gō. One ''gō'' is the traditional volume of a single serving of rice (before co ...

'' holdings in Masaki in

Iyo Province was a Provinces of Japan, province of Japan in the area of northwestern Shikoku.Louis-Frédéric, Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Tosa''" in . Iyo bordered on Sanuki Province to the northeast, Awa Province (Tokushima), Awa to the east ...

were expanded to 200,000 ''koku''. He relocated his seat to Matsuyama Castle and this marked the beginning of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain. In 1627, he was transferred to

Aizu Domain was a Han (Japan), domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1601 to 1871.Ravina, Mark. (1998) ''Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan,'' p. 222 The Aizu Domain was based at Aizuwakamatsu Castle, Tsuruga Castle in M ...

, and replaced by

Gamō Tadatomo Gamo may refer to: * Gamo (airgun manufacturer), a Spanish airgun manufacturer * Gamō clan (蒲生氏, Gamō-shi), a Japanese clan which claimed descent from the Fujiwara clan * Gamo people, an Ethiopian ethnic group * Gamō, Shiga (蒲生� ...

from

Kaminoyama Domain a Han (Japan), feudal domain in Edo period Japan, located in Dewa Province (modern-day Yamagata Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Kaminoyama Castle in what is now the city of Kaminoyama, Yamagata. History Kaminoyama Domain was situated on t ...

Dewa Province was a province of Japan comprising modern-day Yamagata Prefecture and Akita Prefecture, except for the city of Kazuno and the town of Kosaka. Dewa bordered on Mutsu and Echigō Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was . History Early per ...

, who died without heir in 1634. The

then assigned

Matsudaira Sadayuki The was a Japanese samurai clan that descended from the Minamoto clan. It originated in and took its name from Matsudaira village, in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture). During the Sengoku period, the chieftain of the main line of the ...

from

Kuwana Domain 250px, Reconstructed portion of Kuwana Castle was a Japanese feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Ise Province. It was centered on Kuwana Castle in what is now the city of Kuwana, Mie Prefecture. It was ...

to govern the territory, which was reduced in size to 150,000 ''koku''. His branch of the

Matsudaira clan The was a Japanese samurai clan that descended from the Minamoto clan. It originated in and took its name from Matsudaira village, in Mikawa Province (modern-day Aichi Prefecture). During the Sengoku period, the chieftain of the main line of the ...

would govern Iyo-Matsuyama Domain to the

Meiji restoration The , referred to at the time as the , and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Regeneration, Reform, or Renewal, was a political event that restored Imperial House of Japan, imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Althoug ...

. Although prosperous in its early years, the domain was hard hit by famine caused by droughts and floods during the

Kanbun ''Kanbun'' ( 'Han Chinese, Han writing') is a system for writing Literary Chinese used in Japan from the Nara period until the 20th century. Much of Japanese literature was written in this style and it was the general writing style for offici ...

and Enpo eras (1661–1680), and financial difficulties continued thereafter. In particular, the

Kyōhō famine , also pronounced Kyōho, was a after ''Shōtoku (era), Shōtoku'' and before ''Genbun.'' This period spanned the years from July 1716 through April 1736. The reigning emperors were and . Change of era * 1716 : The era name of ''Kyōhō'' (m ...

of 1732 was especially severe and the 5th ''daimyō''. Matsudaira Sadahide was severely criticized by this shogunate for mismanagement when it was revealed that although 3500 commoners had died of starvation, his

samurai The samurai () were members of the warrior class in Japan. They were originally provincial warriors who came from wealthy landowning families who could afford to train their men to be mounted archers. In the 8th century AD, the imperial court d ...

continued to enjoy lives of dissipation. Despite constant financial issues, the

tenshu is an architectural typology found in Japanese castle, Japanese castle complexes. They are easily identifiable as the highest tower within the castle. Common translations of ''tenshu'' include keep, main keep, or ''donjon''. ''Tenshu'' are cha ...

of Matsuyama Castle was rebuilt in 1854 by the 12th ''daimyō'', Matsudaira Katsuyoshi, although it had been destroyed by lightning seventy years previously in 1784. In 1859, Matsudaira Katsunari, the 13th ''daimyō'', was ordered by the shogunate to construct coastal artillery batteries at

Kanagawa is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Kanagawa Prefecture is the List of Japanese prefectures by population, second-most populous prefecture of Japan at 9,221,129 (1 April 2022) and third-dens ...

Musashi Province was a Provinces of Japan, province of Japan, which today comprises Tokyo, Tokyo Metropolis, most of Saitama Prefecture and part of Kanagawa Prefecture. It was sometimes called . The province encompassed Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Kawasaki and Yokohama. ...

in response to the

Perry Expedition ] The Perry Expedition (, , "Arrival of the Black Ships") was a diplomatic and military expedition in two separate voyages (1852–1853 and 1854–1855) to the Tokugawa shogunate () by warships of the United States Navy. The goals of this expedit ...

. During the

Bakumatsu period were the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate ended. Between 1853 and 1867, under foreign diplomatic and military pressure, Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy known as and changed from a feudal Tokugawa shogunat ...

, the domain was strongly pro-shogunate, and was in the vanguard of the 1864

First Chōshū expedition The First Chōshū expedition () was a punitive military expedition by the Tokugawa shogunate against the Chōshū Domain in September–November 1864. The expedition was in retaliation for Chōshū's role in the attack on the Kyoto Imperial P ...

. During that battle, Matsuyama troops looted and massacred the inhabitants of

Suō-Ōshima is a town and an island located in Ōshima District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Suō-Ōshima was formed on October 1, 2004 from the merger of the former towns of Ōshima, Kuka, Tachibana and Tōwa, all from towns of Ōshima District. As ...

island, which set the seeds for a strong enmity between

Chōshū Domain The , also known as the , was a domain (''han'') of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1600 to 1871.Deal, William E. (2005) ''Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan,'' p. 81 The Chōshū Domain was based ...

and Matsuyama. The 14th ''daimyō'',

Matsudaira Sadaaki was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the Bakumatsu period, who was the last ruler of the Kuwana Domain. Sadaaki was the adopted heir of Matsudaira Sadamichi, the descendant of Sadatsuna, the third son of Hisamatsu Sadakatsu (1569–1623), who was ...

was appointed ''

rōjū The , usually translated as ''Elder (administrative title), Elder'', was one of the highest-ranking government posts under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. The term refers either to individual Elders, or to the Council of Elders as a wh ...

'' in 1867. During the

Boshin War The , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a coalition seeking to seize political power in the name of the Impe ...

, he guarded the

Umeda is a major commercial, business, shopping and entertainment district in Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan, where the city's main northern railway termini ( Ōsaka Station, Umeda Station) are located. The district's name means "plum field". History Umeda ...

area of

Osaka is a Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan, designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital of and most populous city in Osaka Prefecture, and the List of cities in Japan, third-most populous city in J ...

, but on hearing that

Shogun , officially , was the title of the military aristocracy, rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor of Japan, Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, exc ...

Tokugawa Yoshinobu Kazoku, Prince was the 15th and last ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful. He resigned his position as shogun in late 1867, while ai ...

had abandoned his forces during the

Battle of Toba-Fushimi A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force c ...

, returned to Matsuyama. The domain surrendered to the imperial side under the conditions that it pay a 150,000 ''

ryō The was a gold currency unit in the shakkanhō system in pre- Meiji Japan. It was eventually replaced with a system based on the '' yen''. Origins The ''ryō'' was originally a unit of weight from China, the ''tael.'' It came into use in Ja ...

'' fine to the Imperial Court and that Matsudaira Sadaaki resign and be placed under

house arrest House arrest (also called home confinement, or nowadays electronic monitoring) is a legal measure where a person is required to remain at their residence under supervision, typically as an alternative to imprisonment. The person is confined b ...

through the intercession of

Tosa Domain The was a Han (Japan), feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, controlling all of Tosa Province in what is now Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was centered around Kōchi Castle, and was ruled throughout its ...

, who was wary of Chōshū's increasing influence and belligerence. Afterwards, the

Meiji government The was the government that was formed by politicians of the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain in the 1860s. The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan. Politicians of the Meiji government were known as the Meiji ...

ordered Sadaaki to change his family name from 'Matsudaira' to 'Hisamatsu.' In 1871, the domain became "Matsuyama Prefecture" due to the

. Later, it was incorporated into Ehime Prefecture via "Sekitetsu Prefecture". In 1887, the family was granted the title of count (''hakushaku'') under the ''

kazoku The was the hereditary peerage of the Empire of Japan, which existed between 1869 and 1947. It was formed by merging the feudal lords (''Daimyo, daimyō'') and court nobles (''kuge'') into one system modelled after the British peerage. Distin ...

'' peerage system. The clan's Takayashiki residence in

Edo Edo (), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. Edo, formerly a (castle town) centered on Edo Castle located in Musashi Province, became the '' de facto'' capital of Japan from 1603 as the seat of the Tokugawa shogu ...

was the location where Horibe Yasubei and 11 other of the

Forty-seven rōnin The revenge of the , also known as the or Akō vendetta, was a historical event in Japan in which a band of ''rōnin'' (lordless samurai) avenged the death of their former master on 31 January 1703. The incident has since become legendary. I ...

of the Ako incident committed ''

seppuku , also known as , is a form of Japanese ritualistic suicide by disembowelment. It was originally reserved for samurai in their code of honor, but was also practiced by other Japanese people during the Shōwa era (particularly officers near ...

'' in 1703. After the Meiji restoration, the estate was sold to

Matsukata Masayoshi Prince was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1891 to 1892, and from 1896 to 1898. Born in the Satsuma Domain to a samurai family, Matsukata served as finance minister for 15 of the 20 years between 1881 and 1901, ...

and subsequently became the site of the Italian embassy in Tokyo.

Holdings at the end of the Edo period

As with most domains in the

han system (, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the Estate (land), estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji (era), Meiji period (1868–1912).Louis Frédéric, Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Han"in ''Japan Encycloped ...

, Matsuyama Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned ''

kokudaka refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of ''koku'' of rice. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Koku"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 5 ...

'', based on periodic

cadastral A cadastre or cadaster ( ) is a comprehensive recording of the real estate or real property's metes and bounds, metes-and-bounds of a country.Jo Henssen, ''Basic Principles of the Main Cadastral Systems in the World,'/ref> Often it is represente ...

surveys and projected agricultural yields. *

**29 villages in Noma District (entire district) **25 villages in Wake District (entire district) **36 villages in Onsen District (entire district) **32 villages in Kume District (entire district) **26 villages in Shūfu District **25 villages in Kuwamura District **17 villages in Ochi District **77 villages in Kazahaya District **47 villages in Ukena District **22 villages in Iyo District

List of daimyō

Simplified family tree (Matsudaira)

* Mizuno Tadamasa, Lord of Kariya (1493–1543). He had issue, including: ** Mizuno Nobumoto (died 1576) *** (likely) Doi Toshikatsu, Lord of Koga (1573–1644) **** A daughter, m. Hori Naotsugu, Lord of Murakami (1614–1638) ***** A daughter, m. Hori Naoyoshi, Lord of Muramatsu (1637–1676) ****** Hori Naotoshi, 3rd Lord of Muramatsu (1658–1716) ******* Hori Naohide, 5th Lord of Susaka (1700–1767) ******** Ho-umyōin, m. Tachibana Nagahiro, 5th Lord of Miike (1720–1778) ********* Tachibana Tanechika, 6th Lord of Miike (1744–1809) ********** A daughter (1782–1807), m. Ikeda Naganori (born 1783) *********** A daughter, m. Matsudaira Katsumi ************ Lieutenant-General Hisamatsu Sadakoto, 17th family head, 1st Count (1867–1943; 17th family head: 1872–1943; Count: c. 1884) ************* Hisamatsu Sadatake, 18th family head, 2nd Count (1899–1995; 18th family head: 1943–95; 2nd Count: 1943–47) ************** Hisamatsu Sadanaru, 19th family head (born 1926; 19th family head: 1995-present) *************** Hisamatsu Sadasato (born 1979) ** A daughter (died 1597), m. Matsudaira Iehiro (died 1571) *** A daughter, m. Torii Mototada, Lord of Yasaku (1539–1600) **** Torii Naritsugu, Lord of Tanimura (1570–1631) ***** A daughter, m. Inoue Masatoshi, 1st Lord of Kasama (1606–1675) ****** Inoue Masatō, 2nd Lord of Kasama (1630–1701) ******* Inoue Teishōin, m. Matsudaira Nobuteru, 1st Lord of Koga (1660–1725) ******** Matsudaira Nobutoki, 1st Lord of Hamamatsu (1683–1744) ********* Matsudaira Nobunao, 1st Lord of Yoshida (1719–1768) ********** Matsudaira Nobuuya, 2nd Lord of Yoshida (1737–1770) *********** Matsudaira Kikaku (1767–1789), m. Nagai Naonobu, 9th Lord of Takatsuki (1761–1815) ************ Nagai Yasuko (died 1812), m. Tōdō Takasawa, 10th Lord of Tsu (1781–1825) ************* Tōdō Takayuki, 11th Lord of Tsu (1813–1895) ************** XIV. Matsudaira (Tōdō) Sadaaki, 14th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1845–1872; r. 1867–68; 14th & 16th family head: 1867–68 & 1871–72) ** O-dainokata (1528–1602). She married twice and had issue, including: ***

, 1st Tokugawa Shōgun (1543–1616; r. 1603–05) (by O-dainokata's first husband

Matsudaira Hirotada was the lord of Okazaki Castle in Mikawa province, Japan during the Sengoku Period of the 16th century. He is best known for being the father of Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. Biography Hirotada was the son of Matsudaira ...

(1526–1549)) **** Tokugawa Yorinobu, 1st Lord of Kishū (1602–1671) ***** Tokugawa Mitsutada, 2nd Lord of Kishū (1627–1705) ******

Tokugawa Yoshimune was the eighth ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745. He was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Yoshimune is know ...

, 5th Lord of Kishū, 8th Tokugawa Shōgun (1684–1751; Lord of Kishū: 1705–16; Shōgun: 1716–45) ******* Tokugawa Munetake, 1st Tayasu-Tokugawa family head (1716–1771) ******** IX. Matsudaira Sadakuni, 9th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1757–1804; r. 1779–1804) ********* X. Sadanori, 10th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1793–1809; r. 1804–09) ********* XI. Sadamichi, 11th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1804–1835; r. 1809–35) **** Tokugawa Yorifusa, 1st Lord of Mito (1603–1661) ***** Matsudaira Yorishige, 1st Lord of Takamatsu (1622–1695) ****** Matsudaira Yoritoshi (1661–1687) ******* Matsudaira Yoritoyo, 3rd Lord of Takamatsu (1680–1735) ******** Tokugawa Munetaka, 4th Lord of Mito (1705–1730) ********* Tokugawa Munemoto, 5th Lord of Mito (1728–1766) ********** Tokugawa Harumori, 6th Lord of Mito (1751–1805) *********** Tokugawa Harutoshi, 7th Lord of Mito (1773–1816) ************ Matsudaira Yorihiro, 9th Lord of Takamatsu (1798–1842) ************* XIII and XV. Katsushige, 13th & 15th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1832–1912; Lord: 1856–67 & 1868–69; Governor: 1871; 15th family head: 1868–71) *** Hisamatsu Sadakatsu, Lord of Kuwana (1560–1624) (by O-dainokata's second husband

Hisamatsu Toshikatsu Hisamatsu (written: ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese manga artist and character designer *, Japanese ''daimyō'' *, Japanese fashion model, gravure idol, television personality and actress *, Japanese fi ...

(1526–1587)) **** I. Matsudaira Sadayuki, 1st Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1587–1668; r. 1635–68) ***** II. Sadayori, 2nd Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1607–1662; r. 1658–62) ****** III. Sadanaga, 3rd Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1640–1674; r. 1662–74) ****** A daughter, m. Shimazu Tsunahisa (1632–1673) ******* Shimazu Tsunataka, 3rd Lord of Satsuma (1650–1704) ******** Shimazu Yoshitaka, 4th Lord of Satsuma (1675–1747) ********* Shimazu Tsugutoyo, 5th Lord of Satsuma (1702–1760) ********** Shimazu Shigetoshi, 7th Lord of Satsuma (1729–1755) *********** Shimazu Shigehide, 8th Lord of Satsuma (1745–1833) ************ Shimazu Narinobu, 9th Lord of Satsuma (1774–1841) ************* Shimazu Narioki, 10th Lord of Satsuma (1791–1858) ************** Shimazu Hisamitsu (1817–1887) *************** Shimazu Tadayoshi, 12th Lord of Satsuma (1840–1897) **************** Sadako (1878–1974), m. Lieutenant-General Hisamatsu Sadakoto, 17th family head, 1st Count – see above ************* XII. Matsudaira Katsuyoshi, 12th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1817–1856; r. 1835–56) ************** Sadakyō-in Kunihime (1843–1904), m. XIV. Matsudaira (Tōdō) Sadaaki, 14th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama – see above **** Sadafusa, 1st Lord of Imabari (1604–1676) ***** Sadatoki, 2nd Lord of Imabari (1635–1676) ****** IV. Sadanao, 4th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1660–1720; r. 1674–1720) ******* V. Sadahide, 5th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1696–1733; r. 1720–33) ******** VI. Sadataka, 6th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1716–1763; r. 1733–63) ******** VII. Sadakatsu, 7th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1733–1765; r. 1763–65) ******* Sadaakira, 1st Lord of Matsuyama-Shinden (1700–1747) ******** VIII. Sadakiyo, 8th Lord of Iyo-Matsuyama (1729–1779; r. 1765–79) Genealogy (jp)
/ref>

References

{{Authority control Domains of Japan History of Ehime Prefecture Iyo Province Shikoku region Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan 1608 establishments in Japan States and territories established in 1608 1871 disestablishments in Japan States and territories disestablished in 1871

History

Holdings at the end of the Edo period

List of daimyō

Simplified family tree (Matsudaira)

See also

References