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The thermodynamic properties of materials are intensive thermodynamic parameters which are specific to a given material. Each is directly related to a second order differential of a
thermodynamic potential Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, Work (thermodynamics), work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed b ...
. Examples for a simple 1-component system are: * Compressibility (or its inverse, the
bulk modulus The bulk modulus (K or B or k) of a substance is a measure of the resistance of a substance to bulk compression. It is defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting ''relative'' decrease of the volume. Other mo ...
) :* Isothermal compressibility ::\kappa_T=-\frac\left(\frac\right)_T \quad = -\frac\,\frac :* Adiabatic compressibility ::\kappa_S=-\frac\left(\frac\right)_S \quad = -\frac\,\frac *
Specific heat In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol ) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat ...
(Note - the extensive analog is the
heat capacity Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical property of matter, defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to an object to produce a unit change in its temperature. The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin (J/K). Heat capacity is a ...
) :* Specific heat at constant pressure ::c_P=\frac\left(\frac\right)_P \quad = -\frac\,\frac :* Specific heat at constant volume ::c_V=\frac\left(\frac\right)_V \quad = -\frac\,\frac * Coefficient of
thermal expansion Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to increase in length, area, or volume, changing its size and density, in response to an increase in temperature (usually excluding phase transitions). Substances usually contract with decreasing temp ...
::\alpha=\frac\left(\frac\right)_P \quad = \frac\,\frac where ''P''  is
pressure Pressure (symbol: ''p'' or ''P'') is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled ''gage'' pressure)The preferred spelling varies by country and eve ...
, ''V''  is
volume Volume is a measure of regions in three-dimensional space. It is often quantified numerically using SI derived units (such as the cubic metre and litre) or by various imperial or US customary units (such as the gallon, quart, cubic inch) ...
, ''T''  is
temperature Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness. Temperature is measurement, measured with a thermometer. It reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making ...
, ''S''  is
entropy Entropy is a scientific concept, most commonly associated with states of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty. The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodynamics, where it was first recognized, to the micros ...
, and ''N''  is the
number of particles In thermodynamics, the particle number (symbol ) of a thermodynamic system is the number of constituent particles in that system. The particle number is a fundamental thermodynamic property which is conjugate to the chemical potential. Unlike m ...
. For a single component system, only three second derivatives are needed in order to derive all others, and so only three material properties are needed to derive all others. For a single component system, the "standard" three parameters are the isothermal compressibility \kappa_T, the specific heat at constant pressure c_P, and the coefficient of thermal expansion \alpha. For example, the following equations are true: :c_P=c_V+\frac :\kappa_T=\kappa_S+\frac The three "standard" properties are in fact the three possible second derivatives of the
Gibbs free energy In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of Work (thermodynamics), work, other than Work (thermodynamics)#Pressure–v ...
with respect to temperature and pressure. Moreover, considering derivatives such as \frac and the related Schwartz relations, shows that the properties triplet is not independent. In fact, one property function can be given as an expression of the two others, up to a reference state value.S. Benjelloun, "Thermodynamic identities and thermodynamic consistency of Equation of States"
Link to Archiv e-printLink to Hal e-print
/ref> The second principle of thermodynamics has implications on the sign of some thermodynamic properties such isothermal compressibility.Israel, R. (1979). Convexity in the Theory of Lattice Gases. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt13x1c8g


See also

* List of materials properties (thermal properties) *
Heat capacity ratio In thermal physics and thermodynamics, the heat capacity ratio, also known as the adiabatic index, the ratio of specific heats, or Laplace's coefficient, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure () to heat capacity at constant vol ...
*
Statistical mechanics In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. Sometimes called statistical physics or statistical thermodynamics, its applicati ...
* Thermodynamic equations * Thermodynamic databases for pure substances *
Heat transfer coefficient In thermodynamics, the heat transfer coefficient or film coefficient, or film effectiveness, is the Proportional (mathematics), proportionality constant between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the Heat transfer, flow of heat ...
*
Latent heat Latent heat (also known as latent energy or heat of transformation) is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process—usually a first-order phase transition, like melting or condensation. ...
* Specific heat of melting (Enthalpy of fusion) * Specific heat of vaporization (Enthalpy of vaporization) *
Thermal mass In building design, thermal mass is a property of the matter of a building that requires a flow of heat in order for it to change temperature. Not all writers agree on what physical property of matter "thermal mass" describes. Most writers use ...


External links

* The Dortmund Data Bank is a factual data bank for thermodynamic and thermophysical data.


References

* {{cite book , first = Herbert B. , last = Callen , authorlink = Herbert Callen , year = 1985 , title = Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics , edition = 2nd , publisher = John Wiley & Sons , location = New York , isbn = 0-471-86256-8 Thermodynamic properties