Masurian Canal
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The Masurian Canal (, , ) is a abandoned canal in
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
and
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in
Central Europe Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern Europe, Eastern, Southern Europe, Southern, Western Europe, Western and Northern Europe, Northern Europe. Central Europe is known for its cultural diversity; however, countries in ...
. Planned to connect
Königsberg Königsberg (; ; ; ; ; ; , ) is the historic Germany, German and Prussian name of the city now called Kaliningrad, Russia. The city was founded in 1255 on the site of the small Old Prussians, Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teuton ...
(
Kaliningrad Kaliningrad,. known as Königsberg; ; . until 1946, is the largest city and administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, an Enclave and exclave, exclave of Russia between Lithuania and Poland ( west of the bulk of Russia), located on the Prego ...
) and Mauersee (
Lake Mamry Mamry (, ) is a lake in the Masurian Lake District of Poland's Warmia-Mazury Province. It is the second largest lake in Poland, with an area of . The lake's maximum depth is with an average depth of . It actually comprises six connected lakes: M ...
) in
Prussia Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...
, construction of the canal was paused for the
World War A world war is an international War, conflict that involves most or all of the world's major powers. Conventionally, the term is reserved for two major international conflicts that occurred during the first half of the 20th century, World War I ...
s and
hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation affected the Papiermark, German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. The German currency had seen significant inflation during the First World War due to the way in which the G ...
, before being abandoned.


History

Proposals for a canal connecting the
Masurian Lakes The Masurian Lake District or Masurian Lake Land () is a lake district in northeastern Poland within the geographical region of Masuria, in the past inhabited by Masurians who spoke the Masurian dialects. It contains more than 2,000 lakes. The dis ...
area with the
Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by the countries of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North European Plain, North and Central European Plain regions. It is the ...
at
Königsberg Königsberg (; ; ; ; ; ; , ) is the historic Germany, German and Prussian name of the city now called Kaliningrad, Russia. The city was founded in 1255 on the site of the small Old Prussians, Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teuton ...
existed from the 18th century, when other canal schemes to connect the Masurian Lakes were enacted by
Johann Friedrich Domhardt Johann Friedrich Domhardt (18 September 1712 – 20 November 1781), was one of the most important and successful administrative officials of Frederick the Great's Prussia. He was the first President of East and West Prussia. Under his leadership, ...
. An early proposal would have had a canal from to the sea making substantial use of
river navigation Inland navigation, inland barge transport or inland waterway transport (IWT) is a transport system allowing ships and barges to use inland waterways (such as canals, rivers and lakes). These waterways have inland ports, marinas, quays, and wharfs. ...
s, and another plan was to have a canal leave
Lake Mamry Mamry (, ) is a lake in the Masurian Lake District of Poland's Warmia-Mazury Province. It is the second largest lake in Poland, with an area of . The lake's maximum depth is with an average depth of . It actually comprises six connected lakes: M ...
north via
Węgielsztyn Węgielsztyn () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Węgorzewo, within Węgorzewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately west of ...
. A further plan for a canal was proposed in 1849, and a survey was drawn up by 1862. This plan would have used
inclined planes An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle from the vertical direction, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load. The inclined plane is one of the six clas ...
as on the nearby
Elbląg Canal Elbląg Canal (; ) is a canal in Poland, in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in length, which runs southward from Drużno, Lake Drużno (connected by the river Elbląg (river), Elbląg to the Vistula Lagoon), to the river Drwęca and lake Jeziorak ...
. Failure to acquire consent from landowners was one reason this proposal did not come to fruition. In 1890, hydraulic engineer August Hess—who had previously designed the
Aller Canal The Aller Canal () is a canal built in the mid-19th century in the German state of Lower Saxony. The canal is long and runs between Wolfsburg and Gifhorn. It was built to protect agricultural land from flooding by the river Aller. The nearly stra ...
—revised the plans to replace the inclined planes with locks, publishing ''The Masurian Shipping Canal in East Prussia'' () in 1892. Two years later, engineer Otto Intze published his ''Expert Opinion on the Utilization of Considerable Water Power for Industrial Purposes Through the Masurian Shipping Canal'' () which recommended the installation of
hydroelectric power station Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies 15% of the world's electricity, almost 4,210 TWh in 2023, which is more than all other renewable sources combined and also mo ...
s at the locks. By 1898 the
Landtag A ''Landtag'' (State Diet) is generally the legislative assembly or parliament of a federated state or other subnational self-governing entity in German-speaking nations. It is usually a unicameral assembly exercising legislative competence ...
approved the land purchase of 200,000
The German mark ( ; sign: ℳ︁) was the currency of the German Empire, which spanned from 1871 to 1918. The mark was paired with the minor unit of the pfennig (₰); 100 pfennigs were equivalent to 1 mark. The mark was on the gold standar ...
. On 14 May 1908, authorisation was given to construct a
navigable waterway A waterway is any navigable body of water. Broad distinctions are useful to avoid ambiguity, and disambiguation will be of varying importance depending on the nuance of the equivalent word in other ways. A first distinction is necessary betw ...
between Königsberg and Lake Mamry. The canal, planned to make use of the
Pregolya The Pregolya or Pregola (; ; ; ) is a river in the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast exclave. Name A possible ancient name by Ptolemy of the Pregolya River is Chronos (from Germanic *''hrauna'', "stony"), although other theories identify Chronos as a ...
and Łyna rivers upstream of Königsberg and a canal from Allenburg (now Druzhba) to Mamry, would drop approximately from the lakes to the river. A second phase of construction would have seen an extension to the
Narew The Narew (; ; or ) is a 499-kilometre (310 mi) river primarily in north-eastern Poland. It is a tributary of the river Vistula. The Narew is one of Europe's few braided rivers, the term relating to the twisted channels resembling braided h ...
valley which would have provided an onward connection to
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
.


Construction

After authorisation of the canal, the works were divided into two schemes; the first was from the Łyna to the
Gerdauen Zheleznodorozhny (, lit. ''railway (town)''; until 1946 ; ; ) is an types of inhabited localities in Russia, urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Pravdinsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located 69 km (43 miles) south ...
Nordenburg railway line, and the second was from the railway line to Lake Mamry. The contract for construction was given to
Philipp Holzmann Philipp Holzmann AG was a German construction company based in Frankfurt am Main. History Early years The company was founded in 1849 by Johann Philipp Holzmann (1805-1870) at Sprendlingen in present-day Dreieich near Frankfurt am Main as Phil ...
and
Dyckerhoff & Widmann Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG (Dywidag) was a construction company based in Munich, Germany (formerly based in Karlsruhe, Wiesbaden and Berlin, Germany). History The company was founded under the name ''Lang & Co.'' in 1865 by the German cement pionee ...
, and construction began in April 1911. Construction was halted at the outbreak of the
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
in 1914; the canal was described as being "far from complete" with only two locks having been started. In September 1914, engagements of the
First Battle of the Masurian Lakes The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes was a German offensive in the Eastern Front 2–16 September 1914, during the Russian invasion of East Prussia. It took place only days after the Battle of Tannenberg where the German Eighth Army encir ...
took place near the canal works. When construction recommenced after the war, completion was planned for 1940. Many navvies came from western Germany and had accommodation in barracks near the works; some of these later settled in Druzhba. Local men were also employed, which stimulated
local economy Local purchasing is a preference to buy locally produced goods and services rather than those produced farther away. It is very often abbreviated as a positive goal, "buy local" or "buy locally', that parallels the phrase " think globally, act lo ...
. In 1921, it was again suggested that the canal could be used for
hydroelectric power Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is Electricity generation, electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies 15% of the world's electricity, almost 4,210 TWh in 2023, which is more than all other Renewable energ ...
, with a recognised capacity of up to . The following year,
hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Hyperinflation affected the Papiermark, German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. The German currency had seen significant inflation during the First World War due to the way in which the G ...
again put works on hold. At this point, construction of most of the locks had begun, with one at Allenburg complete. Construction recommenced in 1934, using local and
forced labour Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of ...
, with a proposed completion of May 1941 and a projected total cost of 19,500,000
ℛℳ The (; sign: ℛ︁ℳ︁; abbreviation: RM) was the currency of Germany from 1924 until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, and in the American, British and French occupied zones of Germany, until 20 June 1948. The Reichsmark was then replaced ...
. In 1936, the lock at Kostromino was reported to have been complete. The outbreak of the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
again halted construction; the cut was complete but many of the locks along the waterway remained unfinished.
Navvies Navvy, a clipping of navigator ( UK) or navigational engineer ( US), is particularly applied to describe the manual labourers working on major civil engineering projects and occasionally in North America to refer to mechanical shovels and eart ...
were subsequently employed to construct
Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...
's nearby
Wolf's Lair The Wolf's Lair (; ) was Adolf Hitler's first Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front military headquarters in World War II. The headquarters was located in the Masurian woods, near the village of Görlitz (now Gierłoż, Kętrzyn County, ...
and the Mauerwald ( Mamerki) base of the
OKH The (; abbreviated OKH) was the high command of the Army of Nazi Germany. It was founded in 1935 as part of Adolf Hitler's rearmament of Germany. OKH was ''de facto'' the most important unit within the German war planning until the defeat ...
; a legend suggests that the canal's real purpose was to serve a secret
U-boat U-boats are Submarine#Military, naval submarines operated by Germany, including during the World War I, First and Second World Wars. The term is an Anglicization#Loanwords, anglicized form of the German word , a shortening of (), though the G ...
facility at Mauerwald. Works were finally abandoned in 1942. The
Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945 The Border Agreement between Poland and the USSR of 16 August 1945 established the borders between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the People's Republic of Poland, Republic of Poland. It was signed by the Provisional Governme ...
divided the course of the canal, with assigned to Poland and to the
USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
. After the Second World War, many of the mechanisms at the locks and weirs were looted.


Route

The canal begins at a fortified junction with Lake Przystań, a bay on the west side of Lake Mamry, at approximately
AMSL Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level. In geodesy, it is formalized as orthometric height. The zero level v ...
. Heading west, the canal was crossed by a road bridge and a railway bridge carrying the Kętrzyn–Węgorzewo line. The first lock, Leśniewo Upper Lock, is that with the greatest
rise Rise or RISE may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities * '' Rise: The Vieneo Province'', an internet-based virtual world * Rise FM, a fictional radio station in the video game ''Grand Theft Auto 3'' * Rise Kujikawa, a vide ...
. Beyond the second lock, Leśniewo Lower Lock, the first cut ends and the waterway makes use of for of its route. The canal heads north from the lake on another cut, through Piaski Lock, the only completed lock on the Polish side of the canal. Passing the Marszałki forest, the canal drops through locks at
Bajory Małe Bajory Małe is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Srokowo, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately north of Srok ...
and Bajory Wielkie. Beyond the locks the canal was crossed by the
narrow gauge railway A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge (distance between the rails) narrower than . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and . Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with Minimum railw ...
between
Barciany Barciany () is a village in Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Barciany. It lies approxi ...
and Krylovo. The last lock on the Polish side, Długopole Lock, had the lowest rise of any on the canal. Adjacent to the lock was a watchtower, now administered by the Polish Teachers' Union. North of the
Poland–Russia border The modern Poland–Russia border is a nearly straight-line division between the Republic of Poland and the Russian Federation exclave Kaliningrad Oblast, a region not connected to the Russian mainland. It is long. The current location and ...
, the dry canal bed heads north-west and was crossed by the Zheleznodorozhny–Krylovo railway; the bridge is now demolished. The route passes through forest and the lost village of Wikrowo. The first lock in Russia is Ozerki Lock, beyond which is a railway bridge defended by
anti-tank obstacles Anti-tank obstacles include, but are not limited to: *The Czech hedgehog, dragon's teeth and cointet-element, all sometimes called "tank traps", are the most famous types of World War II anti-tank obstacles. * Anti-tank trenches were used on t ...
. After the next lock, near the village of Marinovka, the canal passes the Mauenwalde
estate Estate or The Estate may refer to: Law * Estate (law), a term in common law for a person's property, entitlements and obligations * Estates of the realm, a broad social category in the histories of certain countries. ** The Estates, representativ ...
before heading west and reaching a lock at Kostromino. At Druzhba, two locks drop the canal to the level of the Łyna (approximately AMSL); after the village, the canal enters a sweeping curve to the north to join the river.


Specifications

The cut was dug to a specification of depth, a maximum
beam Beam may refer to: Streams of particles or energy *Light beam, or beam of light, a directional projection of light energy **Laser beam *Radio beam *Particle beam, a stream of charged or neutral particles **Charged particle beam, a spatially lo ...
of . The beam at waterline (i.e. the breadth of the canal from bank to bank) was . The canal alternated between cuttings and embankments, with some earthworks reaching high. The channel was lined with of stone to prevent leakage. Where the canal was cut through marshy ground, it was further strengthened with reinforced concrete. In inhabited areas such as villages and farms, the channel was secured with barbed wire and fencing. The minimum-curve radius was designed to be to allow '' Finowmaß''-specification vessels (i.e. those measuring and capable of navigating the
Finow Canal The Finow Canal (German ''Finowkanal'') is one of the oldest artificial waterways in Europe. Construction began in 1605. The channel, about long, is in the German state of Brandenburg in the Barnim district. It was built for the first time in ...
) to navigate bends at full speed. At these locations, the channel was widened by .


Locks

Ten locks were constructed on the canal, with chambers made of
reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete or ferro-concrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ...
using the Torkret injection method. These were placed in one of three categories based on the pressure caused by the
hydraulic head Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a measurement related to liquid pressure (normalized by specific weight) and the liquid elevation above a vertical datum., 410 pages. See pp. 43–44., 650 pages. See p. 22, eq.3.2a. It is usually meas ...
above the lock: #Category 1 – locks with a rise less than (Długopole Lock, Marinovka Lock, Druzhba Lock 1, and Druzhba Lock 2) #Category 2 – locks with a rise of (Piaski Lock, Bajory Lock, and Kostromino Lock) #Category 3 – locks with a rise greater than (Leśniewo Upper Lock, Leśniewo Lower Lock, and Ozerki Lock) These categories dictated the power systems used to drive the mechanisms of the
gates Gates is the plural of gate, a point of entry to a space which is enclosed by walls. It may also refer to: People * Gates (surname), various people with the last name * Gates Brown (1939-2013), American Major League Baseball player * Gates McFadd ...
, the need for side pounds (groups 2 and 3 only) to reduce water consumption when lockaging, and the type of lock gate used. Those extant gates show that they were constructed of steel; three different gate designs were employed—double mitre gates, vertically-lifting gates, and flat-folding gates. Operation was primarily
electromechanical Electromechanics combine processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Electromechanics focus on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each ...
via a
chain drive Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles. ...
and
rack and pinion rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a circular gear (the '' pinion'') engaging a linear gear (the ''rack''). Together, they convert between rotational motion and linear motion: rotating the pinion causes the rack to be d ...
gear (mitre gates) or a
counterweight A counterweight is a weight (object), weight that, by applying an opposite force, provides balance and stability of a machine, mechanical system. The purpose of a counterweight is to make lifting the load faster and more efficient, which saves e ...
ed drum motor system (vertical gates). The locks had the ability to be manually operated if necessary. The
superstructure A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. This term is applied to various kinds of physical structures such as buildings, bridges, or ships. Aboard ships and large boats On water craft, the superstruct ...
of the upper lock at Leśniewo features a recess for the ''
Reichsadler The ' (; "Imperial Eagle") is the heraldic eagle, derived from the Roman eagle standard, used by the Holy Roman Emperors, later by the Emperors of Austria and in modern coat of arms of Austria and Germany. The term is also translated as "Rei ...
'' of the coat of arms of the Third Reich. At the abandonment of works, the locks were in varying states of completion.


Bibliography

* Paul Blunk: ''Der halbfertige Masurische Kanal.'' Landesdruckerei, Königsberg 1929. (in German) * Krzysztof Stachowski: ''Kanał Mazurski. Monografia nieukończonej drogi wodnej'' Giżycko 2024. ISBN 978-83-968621-0-5. (in Polish) * Robert Sarnowski: ''A Guidebook to the Masurian Canal'' Lost & Found Books 2025, e-book.


Footnotes


References


External links

*{{commonscat-inline, Masurian Canal Canals in Russia Canals in Poland Geography of Kaliningrad Oblast Geography of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship