Mary Virginia Cook Parrish (August 8, 1862 – October 11, 1945) taught, wrote and spoke on many issues such as

women's suffrage Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...

, equal rights in the areas of employment and education, social and political reform, and the importance of religion and a Christian education. She was at the founding session of the National Association of Colored Women in 1896 at the 19th Street Baptist Church in Washington D.C. She was an early proponent of Black Baptist feminism and founder of the National Baptist Women's Convention in 1900.

Background and education

Mary Virginia Cook Parrish grew up in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Because of her location and her race, she was given very few academic opportunities. However, she was persistent and was finally given the opportunity to attend some of the black schools in the area. As she progressed throughout school she showed that she had excellent academic ability and soon became known as the best intellectual in the city. In 1891, she was awarded a book prize for being the top reader and a silver cup for being crowned the winner at a tri-school spelling bee. As she began to win these titles, more people in the surrounding areas took notice of her academic excellence. Soon after receiving these awards, Dr. William J. Simmons, President of State University (later

Simmons College of Kentucky Simmons College of Kentucky is a private historically black college in Louisville, Kentucky. Founded in 1879, it is the nation's 107th HBCU and is accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education. History Beginnings In August 186 ...

), along with a group of women from the American Baptist Woman's Hope Society offered to pay for her to attend the university. Upon entering the university, Cook-Parrish studied in the normal department as well as teaching classes. Cook-Parrish graduated at the top of her class, with an A.B. degree from the

normal school A normal school or normal college is an institution created to Teacher education, train teachers by educating them in the norms of pedagogy and curriculum. In the 19th century in the United States, instruction in normal schools was at the high s ...

, and continued on to become a professor and Principal of the normal school department at Simmons University. In this role, she traveled extensively to raise funds for Simmons University, lecturing on the importance of a Christian education.

Renowned speaker

Coming from a background where gaining an education was a struggle and a great privilege, Cook-Parrish understood the severity in the amount of discrimination and inequality faced in the realms of education, societal conventions, and

human rights Human rights are Morality, moral principles or Social norm, normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyHuman Rights Retrieved 14 August 2014 for ce ...

. Her mission work with white Baptist missionary women expanded her inter-organizational alliances. Parrish spoke at a number of Baptist Conventions on the importance of an equal education for all, women's rights and social reform. In 1893 she had been elected the recording secretary of the National Baptist Educational Convention. As she continued to address these issues she came to be a famed and passionate speaker within the women's sphere.

Work as a journalist

As a natural progression, Cook-Parrish moved from speaking to writing and was able to get her ideas and words out to many more people. Just as she spoke on many of the important issues of the times, she wrote about gaining a better education system for females and African Americans, public reform, the significance of receiving a Christian education, and equality in all areas of society. She wrote for a variety of different newspapers and magazines including columns for ''The South Carolina Tribune'' and ''American Baptist''. She became the editor of the Educational Department for the African American Baptist magazine, ''

Our Women and Children ''Our Women and Children'' was a magazine published in Louisville, Kentucky by the ''American Baptist'', the state Baptist newspaper. Founded in 1888 by William J. Simmons, president of State University, the magazine featured the work of African ...

''. She also wrote articles for ''Hope'', a missionary magazine that provided important communication to black women activists who attended the Black Baptist women's state conventions. In an edition of the woman's column in the journal ''American Baptist'', she wrote: While working at these publications, she fought her own battles. Oftentimes she would have to argue with the male editors of the papers to even get her ideas printed and wrote under the pen name of Grace Ermine. She didn't give up though and soon rose to positions of leadership despite the traditional reliance on males to set policy and exercise power in religious leadership roles. She worked diligently to have her ideas published so that the community could know what a great problem was facing society and so that more people would join her cause and work for a better tomorrow.

Marriage and life as a pastor's wife

On January 26, 1898, after working for a short time as a secretary for the Eckstein Norton Institute in Cane Springs, Kentucky, she married Charles Henry Parrish. Parrish at that time was president of Eckstein Norton Institute, pastor of Louisville's Calvary Baptist Church, and president of the Executive Board of the General Association of Negro Baptists in Kentucky. She moved back to Louisville to work as the financial secretary for her husband's church. The following year, their son, Charles H. Parrish Jr. was born. Parrish and her husband led the establishment of the Kentucky Home Finding Society for Colored Children in Louisville in 1908, and she served on the board until it was closed in 1937. Under her leadership in the women's auxiliary unit, the National Baptist Convention in 1909 created the National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington D.C. As chair of the Board of Trustees, Parrish was responsible for that school's education of more than 2,000 women in the early 20th century. Parrish led the efforts of the Louisville affiliate of the National Association of Colored Women in addressing education reform, health care and child welfare. She was instrumental in hosting the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the National Association in Louisville in 1910. The black women's clubs in Kentucky became an important leadership avenue for those as ambitious and educated as Parrish.

Activist

In the 1930s when Parrish learned she could not join a Parent Teacher Association in Louisville, Kentucky, she organized her own in the city's black-only school. She refused to accept that black children were without a playground and showed up at the mayor's office to demand one be built. Three weeks later, the children had their playground. When she brought ten little girls with her to the local YWCA, "they called the police and said you may not stay here, these children are not welcome." She then organized a new chapter, called the Phillis Wheatley (West End) YWCA. She also served as the first president of the Colored Republican's Women's Club in Louisville. In 1932 she served as an alternate delegate to the

National Republican Convention The National Republican Convention was a Nigerian political party established by the government of General Ibrahim Babangida and ultimately disbanded by the military regime of General Sani Abacha in 1993. Alignment The party was organized to cat ...

in Chicago.

Honors and awards

*Silver cup in a spelling bee *1881: book prize for being the best reader in front of a crowd *Albert Mack Valedictorian Medal *Silver medal in a spelling bee by Dr. D. A. Gaddie *Silver award for neatness and accuracy in writing given by Mr. William H. Steward *Student-teacher at Simmons University *President of Athenaeum at Simmons University *President of the Young Men's and Women's Christian Association

Bibliography

;Speeches *American Baptist National Convention: "Women's Work in the Denomination" *American Baptist Home Mission Society: "Female Education" *National Press Convention: "Is Juvenile literature demanded on the part of colored children?" *Kentucky State Teachers Association: "Woman, a Potent Factor in Public Reform" ;Papers *Nothing But Leaves ;Articles *"The Work for Baptist Women" (1890)

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Parrish, Mary Cook 1862 births 1945 deaths African-American history of Kentucky African-American women in politics African-American feminists American feminists History of civil rights in the United States History of women's rights in the United States People from Bowling Green, Kentucky Activists from Louisville, Kentucky Simmons College of Kentucky alumni Simmons College of Kentucky faculty Women in Kentucky politics Clubwomen Kentucky Republicans American women academics 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women