Mary Barbour

Mary Barbour ( Rough; 20 February 1875 – 2 April 1958) was a Scottish political activist, local councillor, bailie and magistrate. Barbour was closely associated with the Red Clydeside movement in the early 20th century and especially for her role as the main organiser of the women of Govan who took part in the rent strikes of 1915.Audrey Canning, ‘Barbour , Mary (1875–1958)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 200
accessed 14 Feb 2014
/ref> The protesters became known as "Mrs Barbour's Army". She was also a founder of the Women's Peace Crusade. She stood as a Labour candidate and was elected to Glasgow Town Council in 1920, representing the Fairfield ward in Govan. She was one of the first female councillors in the city. She was also one of the first female bailies of Glasgow Corporation. She advocated for the provision of women's and children's health and welfare services.

On her 74th birthday, there was a special tribute to Barbour on the front page of ''The Govan Press'' newspaper. Recognition of the impact of her activism is still evident in Govan and across Glasgow today. There is a statue of her at Govan Cross. Murals depicting her with Isabella Elder, and reimagining her as a modern day campaigner have been commissioned in Govan. She is also included in the Clutha Bar mural.

She is remembered in popular culture, in the song ''Mrs Barbour's Army'' by Alistair Hulett and the play ''Mrs Barbour's Daughters'' by A.J. Taudevin. Barbour was the subject of one of the ''Not Forgotten'' series of documentaries on Channel Four in 2007. In 2012 Woman's Hour ran a profile about Barbour following the writing of a poem about her by Christine Finn for an exhibition at the National Museum of Scotland.

Life

Barbour was born on 20 February 1875 at 37 New Street, Kilbarchan to Jean (Gavin) and James Rough, a handloom carpet weaver. She was the third of seven children. Barbour attended school until she was fourteen years old. In 1887, the family moved to the village of Elderslie and Barbour worked as a thread twister, eventually becoming a carpet printer. On 28 August 1896, Mary Rough married an engineer, David Barbour (2 May 1873 – 13 November 1957), at Wallace Place, Elderslie. By the 1901 census, the couple had settled in Govan at 5 Macleod Street, where they lived with their son, James. Their son David died in infancy in 1897. By the 1911 census, the family, including another son, William, had moved to 43 Ure Street (now Uist Street).1911 Census (646/2 47/ 17). Retrieved 7 March 2018.

In 1933, Barbour moved to a council house at 34 Cromdale Street in Drumoyne, Glasgow, where she lived until her death.Glasgow Electoral Registers, 1857-1962. One year after she was widowed, Barbour died at age 83 in the Southern General Hospital, Glasgow. Her funeral was held at Craigton Crematorium in Cardonald, near Govan.

Political activism

Barbour first became politically active as a member of the Kinning Park Co-operative Guild. Barbour's political activism began in earnest in leading the South Govan Women's Housing Association during the Glasgow rent strikes of 1915, when she actively organised tenant committees and eviction resistance. The protestors became known as "Mrs Barbour's Army", and included Agnes Dollan, Helen Crawfurd, Mary Burns Laird, and Mary Jeff.

Women's Peace Crusade

Barbour was a founder of the Women's Peace Crusade (WPC) at the "Great Women's Peace Conference" in June 1916, with Helen Crawfurd and Agnes Dollan. These women also worked with Agnes Harben and others across Britain.

The WPC campaigned throughout June and July 1916 for a negotiated settlement to World War I. Barbour and the others organised this predominately through open air meetings in Glasgow, Clydeside and Edinburgh. The possibility of a negotiated peace settlement became less likely with the formation of a new coalition government in December 1916, led by Lloyd George.

Both the Russian Revolution and the Irish Easter Rising provided a catalyst for renewed peace activism in Scotland, including the work of the WPC. The 1917 annual May Day celebration in Glasgow Green brought together 70,000 people. Women peace activists, including Barbour, Dollan and Mary Burns Laird, were prominent among the speakers. This type of activity inspired the re-launch of the Women's Peace Crusade in July 1917, on Glasgow Green with 10,000 people taking part. Other branches of the WPC were then established throughout Scotland, England and South Wales. Their campaign continued until the end of World War I.

Political career

In 1920, Barbour stood as the Labour candidate for Fairfield ward in Govan, and was elected to Glasgow Town Council, becoming one of the city's first woman councillors. While Barbour has often been credited as being 'the first Labour woman councillor in Glasgow', this is not the case. Barbour was one of a pioneering group of five women who were elected in 1920 which included Eleanor Stewart (Maryhill) as the other Labour woman councillor, and Jessica Baird-Smith, Mary Bell and Mary Anderson Snodgrass all respectively elected as Moderate councillors. It would appear that the misconception about Barbour being the "first Labour woman councillor" originated in Patrick Dollan's book about the Kinning Park Co-operative Society, published in 1923. While standing for election, Barbour stated that "the advent of a woman candidate was seen by some men and women as outrageous", but contended that women councillors were needed to tackle issues that affected women and children.

From 1924–27 Barbour served as one of Glasgow Corporation's first woman baillies, alongside Mary Bell. Barbour was appointed as one of the first woman magistrates in Glasgow. Barbour became a Justice of the Peace for the City of Glasgow in January 1928.

Role in provision of health and welfare services

From 1925, Barbour was Chair of the Glasgow Women's Welfare and Advisory Clinic, and had worked with the Glasgow Corporation's specialist in child and female healthcare, Dr Nora Wattie, to establish the clinic, staffed by female nurses and doctors. Barbour gave a speech at the opening of the clinic in August 1926, in a storefront at 51 Govan Road, which was the first site offering advice on birth control in Scotland. The clinic subsequently moved to 123 Montrose Street, Glasgow during 1932.

In November 1926, Barbour attended the opening of the West Govan Child Welfare Clinic. This building, at 20 Arklet Street, Govan, remains in use by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde as Elderpark Clinic.

During her tenure as a councillor and Bailie, Barbour worked relentlessly on behalf of the working class people of her constituency, serving on numerous committees covering the provision of health and welfare services, and even after her retirement in 1931, Barbour remained involved in this area.

Influence and recognition

Mary Barbour in popular culture

Mary Barbour is name-checked in Scottish Women's Power Anthem Girl (Daughter of Scotland'')' by Sharon Martin.

Chris Hannan's play ''Elizabeth Gordon Quinn'' was first performed at the Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh on 29 June 1985. It was directed by Steven Unwin. The play is set during the rent strike in Glasgow, 1915. Although Barbour does not feature as a character, the play reproduces a famous Barbour incident from the rent strike. The most important thing in the Quinn household is the piano. In Part One Scene Two, the piano is sequestrated by sheriff officers in lieu of owed rent. The Quinns, at this point, are not rent-strikers but are instead simply unable to pay their rent because of their poverty. In Part One, Scene Four William Quinn (Elizabeth's husband) narrates how he, aided by fifty women rent-strikers, and with the assistance of shipyard workers simply walked into the factor's office and asked for it to be returned.
Helen Crawfurd in her unpublished memoir recounts how during the rent-strike factors would try to collect the rental increases by resorting to the blackmail of social humiliation. The ploy was to dupe individual household tenants into believing that everyone else in the close had paid up. Upon one of these occasions Barbour drafted in men from Govan's shipyards, led them to the factor's office and demanded the amount of the increase be returned. 'Faced with thousands of black-faced workers the factor handed over the money' Crawfurd recalls.

The song ''Mrs Barbour's Army'' by Alistair Hulett is about Mary Barbour's organisation of the 1915 rent strike. A song was also written about Mary Barbour by Glasgow singer/songwriter Lainey Dempsey.

Barbour was the subject of one of the ''Not Forgotten'' series of documentaries on Channel Four in 2007.Women on Red Clydeside
/ref> In 2012 the BBC Radio 4 programme Woman's Hour ran a profile about Mary Barbour following the writing of a poem about her by Christine Finn for an exhibition at the National Museum of Scotland. The poem was called ''Mary Barbour's Rattle'' and can be viewed on the Museum's website.

''Mrs Barbour's Daughters'' is a play by A.J. Taudevin. It was first produced in October 2014 in Oran Mor, Glasgow in association with the Traverse Theatre. The play is set in a tenement flat in Govan where the lead character's memories come back to life in a series of flashbacks. The play is divided into eleven sections, and although Mrs Barbour is a recurring presence in the play, she only appears as a character in the penultimate section where she makes a speech set during the period of the rent strike. A review in The List concluded that "''Mrs Barbour's Daughters'' is a concise and moving sketch of the feminist tradition and makes its point using sweet harmony, not rabble rousing."

The original cast included; Mary-Anna Hepburn played Grace, Gail Watson played Joan and Libby McArthur Mrs Barbour. The director was Emma Callander assisted by Andy McNamee.

Mary Barbour was also the inspiration behind the character of Agnes Calder in J David Simons' novel ''The Liberation of Celia Kahn'' (Five Leaves 2011, re-printed Saraband 2014). Also featured in the novel are the Glasgow women's involvement in the Rent Strikes and the events leading up to the foundation of the first birth control clinic in Govan, Glasgow.

Special tribute in "The Govan Press" newspaper

In honour of Mary Barbour's 74th birthday, the local newspaper devoted much of its front page to a birthday celebration held in her honour in the Engineers' Hall, Govan. The article recounted her activism, with many of her former associates in attendance. The "bumper birthday party" as the newspaper styled it, was organised by the South Govan Women's Housing Association, of which Barbour was the founder and Honorary President. Bailie Jack Davis from the City Council not only highlighted Barbour's personal achievements, but told his audience how much she had inspired other women by her leadership.

Memorials

In 2011, Glasgow Women's Library commissioned 21 artworks as part of their 21st anniversary celebrations. Glasgow-based artist Sharon Thomas chose to depict a hypothetical monument to Barbour in Govan. The work generated interest in a real statue of Barbour, which in 2013 led to the creation of the Remember Mary Barbour Association (RMBA), who campaigned for a statue. The campaign garnered support from Glasgow City Council, Nicola Sturgeon, the Scottish Parliament and Sir Alex Ferguson.
In September 2015 five sculptors were shortlisted to produce a maquette to convey their vision of a fitting statue. Public showings of the set of five maquettes were scheduled to take place from November 2015 through February 2016, at various locations commencing at the Pearce Institute in Govan. Sculptor Andrew Brown was selected to sculpt the statue in February 2016.

Although having secured about £56,000 through public donations, approximately half of the funding needed to build the statue, the RMBA's application to Creative Scotland was rejected in November 2015 based on an apparent lack of community engagement. In order to meet the shortfall and raise the money to complete the project, the RMBA planned several events including a gala concert to be held in the Old Fruitmarket in Glasgow. The statue was completed in 2017 and unveiled in March 2018.

A mural of Mary Barbour and Isabella Elder was installed at Crossloan Road, Glasgow in 2023. It was commissioned by Yardworks and created by Protests & Suffragettes.

A mural by street artist Jeks reimagining Mary Barbour as a modern-day campaigner was commissioned by the Linthouse Housing Association and is painted on a gable end in Govan Road, Glasgow in 2025.

File:Mary Barbour Monument, A Proposal.jpg, Etching of hypothetical Mary Barbour monument in Govan, Glasgow, by artist Sharon Thomas
File:Unveiling of Mary Barbour Statue 2.jpg, alt=Unveiling of statue of Mary Barbour, Crowds gather for the unveiling of the statue of Mary Barbour at Govan Cross, Glasgow.
File:Mary Barbour Statue - Side view.jpg, Statue to commemorate Mary Barbour, Govan Cross, Glasgow.View from the side.

The Kilbarchan Cairn

In May 2015, Renfrewshire Council agreed to fund a commemorative cairn in Barbour's home village of Kilbarchan. The Council estimated the cost of the cairn to be £6,000 which was funded from the Renfrewshire Citizens Fund following a recommendation from the council’s Johnstone