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Marvin Jonathan Rees, Baron Rees of Easton (born April 1972) is a British Labour Party politician who served as the second and final
Mayor of Bristol The Mayor of Bristol was the political leader of Bristol City Council. The mayor was a directly elected politician who, along with the 70 members of Bristol City Council, was responsible for the strategic government of the city of Bristol, En ...
from 2016 to 2024. He was created a
life peer In the United Kingdom, life peers are appointed members of the peerage whose titles cannot be inherited, in contrast to hereditary peers. Life peers are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister. With the exception of the D ...
in February 2025.


Early life and education

Marvin Rees was brought up in
Bristol Bristol () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, the most populous city in the region. Built around the River Avon, Bristol, River Avon, it is bordered by t ...
, partly in
Lawrence Weston Lawrence Weston is a post-war housing estate in northwest Bristol, England, between Henbury and Shirehampton. The estate is bounded in the east by the Blaise Castle estate and woods. It is at the edge of the Severn flood plain, directly bene ...
and Easton, by his British mother. He attended St George comprehensive school in Bristol and later obtained a
master's degree A master's degree (from Latin ) is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional prac ...
in political theory and government at
Swansea University Swansea University () is a public university, public research university located in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom. It was chartered as University College of Swansea in 1920, as the fourth college of the University of Wales. In 1996, it chang ...
, and a master's degree in global economic development at Eastern University in 2000. Later he completed the World Fellows Program at
Yale University Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Stat ...
."Profiles of Labour's candidates for the Bristol mayoralty: Marvin Rees"
Labour Uncut, 18 May 2012.
During a
fellow A fellow is a title and form of address for distinguished, learned, or skilled individuals in academia, medicine, research, and industry. The exact meaning of the term differs in each field. In learned society, learned or professional society, p ...
ship he assisted
Tony Campolo Anthony Campolo Jr. (February 25, 1935 – November 19, 2024) was an American sociologist, Baptist pastor, author, public speaker, and spiritual advisor to U.S. President Bill Clinton. Campolo was an influential leader in the evangelical left. ...
, an
advisor An adviser or advisor is normally a person with more and deeper knowledge in a specific area and usually also includes persons with cross-functional and multidisciplinary expertise. An adviser's role is that of a mentor or guide and differs catego ...
to
President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television *'' Præsident ...
Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician and lawyer who was the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, ...
.


Early career

Rees has worked in diverse areas throughout his
career A career is an individual's metaphorical "journey" through learning, work (human activity), work and other aspects of personal life, life. There are a number of ways to define career and the term is used in a variety of ways. Definitions The ...
. He was a
freelance journalist ''Freelance'' (sometimes spelled ''free-lance'' or ''free lance''), ''freelancer'', or ''freelance worker'', are terms commonly used for a person who is self-employed and not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. Freelance w ...
and
radio presenter A radio personality is a person who has an on-air position in radio broadcasting. A radio personality who hosts a radio show is also known as a radio host (North American English), radio presenter (British English) or radio jockey. Radio personali ...
at
BBC Radio Bristol BBC Radio Bristol is the BBC's local radio station serving the cities of Bristol and Bath and the unitary authorities of Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire. It broadcasts on FM, DAB, digital TV and via BBC ...
and Ujima Radio. He was the Communications and Events Manager at Black Development Agency (now Phoenix Social Enterprise), an agency devoted to empowering individuals and communities through opportunities to work abroad. Rees was employed in the city of Bristol as the programme manager for race equality in mental health issues at Public Health, Bristol. He worked in the United States as an outreach assistant at the Sojourners Community and as a youth coordinator at
Tearfund Tearfund is an international Christian relief and development agency based in Teddington, UK. It currently works in around 50 countries, with a primary focus on supporting those in poverty and providing disaster relief for disadvantaged communit ...
.


Political career


2012 mayoral election

In
2012 2012 was designated as: *International Year of Cooperatives *International Year of Sustainable Energy for All Events January *January 4 – The Cicada 3301 internet hunt begins. * January 12 – Peaceful protests begin in the R ...
, selected by an individual ballot of Labour Party members in the city to stand for
Mayor of Bristol The Mayor of Bristol was the political leader of Bristol City Council. The mayor was a directly elected politician who, along with the 70 members of Bristol City Council, was responsible for the strategic government of the city of Bristol, En ...
, Rees defeated four other candidates for the nomination, including the Leader and Deputy Leader of the Bristol City Council Labour group and a former Member of Parliament,
Dan Norris Dan Norris (born 28 January 1960) is a British politician who served as Mayor of the West of England from 2021 to 2025, and has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for North East Somerset and Hanham since 2024, having represented Wansdyke, ...
, who would later become
Mayor of the West of England The mayor of the West of England is the directly elected mayor who leads the West of England Combined Authority. The body, a combined authority, is responsible for strategic administration, including planning, transport and skills, across the l ...
. At the election, he received 25,906 votes, coming second, after George Ferguson, an independent. Rees found it difficult readjusting to normal life following his election loss.


Community involvement

In 2012, Rees was the founder and programme leader at the Bristol Leadership Programme, a two-week programme helping a dozen people annually from impoverished backgrounds to attain their aspirations. He was also a member of the Bristol Legacy Commission which dispersed its
funds Funding is the act of providing resources to finance a need, program, or project. While this is usually in the form of money, it can also take the form of effort or time from an organization or company. Generally, this word is used when a firm us ...
and ceased operating in April 2012. He is a former director of the Bristol Partnership whose goals are to make Bristol's prosperity sustainable, reduce
health Health has a variety of definitions, which have been used for different purposes over time. In general, it refers to physical and emotional well-being, especially that associated with normal functioning of the human body, absent of disease, p ...
and
wealth Wealth is the abundance of valuable financial assets or physical possessions which can be converted into a form that can be used for transactions. This includes the core meaning as held in the originating Old English word , which is from an ...
inequality Inequality may refer to: * Inequality (mathematics), a relation between two quantities when they are different. * Economic inequality, difference in economic well-being between population groups ** Income inequality, an unequal distribution of i ...
, build stronger and safer
communities A community is a Level of analysis, social unit (a group of people) with a shared socially-significant characteristic, such as place (geography), place, set of Norm (social), norms, culture, religion, values, Convention (norm), customs, or Ide ...
, and raise the aspirations and achievements of
young people Youth is the time of life when one is young. The word, youth, can also mean the time between childhood and adulthood (Maturity (psychological), maturity), but it can also refer to one's peak, in terms of health or the period of life known as bei ...
and
families Family (from ) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictability, structure, and safety as ...
.


Mayor of Bristol


First term

Rees was again selected to be the Labour candidate for the 2016 mayoral election, easily defeating a sitting Labour councillor in the selection. On 5 May 2016, he was elected Mayor of Bristol. He received 56,729 votes in the first round and 12,021 transfer votes in the second round, giving him 68,750 votes overall. He has been referred to as "the first black mayor of African descent" in the UK. Rees's term of office started with a £30 million budget shortfall inherited from the previous administration and a £60 million budget deficit from government funding reductions to 2020. In August 2016, Rees instigated a voluntary severance programme aimed at reducing the size of the council's workforce from 6,970 by 1,000. Rees commissioned an independent report by former Audit Commission chief executive Steve Bundred, which criticised senior council officers, leading Rees to say a culture of concealment had previously prevailed so councillors were unaware that agreed savings had not been fully delivered. Rees had pledged to gradually increase home building in Bristol toward a 2020 target of 2,000 per year, of which 800 would be affordable. Rees oversaw the founding of a city-owned housing company, Goram Homes, created to develop and build homes, re-investing profits to the development of affordable and social housing. From 2016/17 to 2019/20 the outcome was between 1,350 and 1,994 new homes per year, of which between only 188 and 312 per year were affordable. The affordable homes target for 2020/21 was reduced to 500 due to the
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
. Affordable homes had mostly been built on
brownfield land Brownfield is previously-developed land that has been abandoned or underused, and which may carry pollution, or a risk of pollution, from industrial use. The specific definition of brownfield land varies and is decided by policy makers and l ...
. The council housing manager stated the missed target was delay rather than failure, with at least 1,028 affordable homes expected from current projects in 2022/23. In the
2020 The year 2020 was heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to global Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, social and Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic disruption, mass cancellations and postponements of even ...
and
2021 Like the year 2020, 2021 was also heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the emergence of multiple Variants of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 variants. The major global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, which began at the end of 2020, continued ...
''
Powerlist The Powerlist is a list of the 100 most influential people of African or African Caribbean heritage in the United Kingdom. The list is updated annually and has been published in book format by Powerful Media since 2007. The Powerlist is not lim ...
s'', Rees was listed in the Top 100 of the most influential people in the UK of African/African-Caribbean descent.


Bristol Arena

One matter that split public opinion was Rees's decision in September 2018 not to build the long-awaited 10,000 seat
Bristol Arena YTL Arena Bristol is a proposed 19,000-capacity Arena, indoor arena, to be located at the former Bristol Filton Airport, Filton Airfield's Bristol Brabazon, Brabazon hangar. Original plans were for the arena to be built next to Bristol Temple ...
by Temple Meads railway station, in the centre of Bristol. The episode brought discussion about the authority of a city mayor to make autonomous decisions in the face of opposition, after an overwhelming vote by councillors of all parties to keep it in the city centre. Concerns were raised at how businesses are able to influence those with decision-making and planning powers in cities. The main reasons Rees gave for his decision were building cost, financial risk, and job creation. The building cost for the council, which would have had to be borrowed, had increased to £150 million, plus half of any cost overruns. Costs arising should the arena not be successful would fall on the council, and expert advice was that the venue size was too small for major events. Rees also argued that a mixed use development would create more and better-paid jobs. The decision was also heavily influenced by an agreement to secure a 17,000-seat arena in the north of the city, built with private investment at no public cost.


Statue of Edward Colston

In March 2019, Rees vetoed the installation of a second plaque to the statue of the Bristol-born merchant
Edward Colston Edward Colston (2 November 1636 – 11 October 1721) was an English merchant, Atlantic slave trade, slave trader, philanthropy, philanthropist and Tories (British political party), Tory Member of Parliament. Colston followed his father in th ...
as he rejected the proposed wording as failing to adequately describe Colston's role in the
Bristol slave trade up Statue of slave trader The Centre, Bristol">The Centre, Bristol, erected in 1895, Statue of Edward Colston#Toppling and removal">toppled in 2020 Bristol, a port city in the South West of England, on the banks of the River Avon (Bristol), ...
. In the aftermath in 2020 of the
murder of George Floyd On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, a 46-year-old Black American man, was murdered in Minneapolis by Derek Chauvin, a 44-year-old White police officer. Floyd had been arrested after a store clerk reported that he made a purchase using a c ...
in Minneapolis, in police custody,
protests A protest (also called a demonstration, remonstration, or remonstrance) is a public act of objection, disapproval or dissent against political advantage. Protests can be thought of as acts of cooperation in which numerous people cooperate ...
were held around the world. In Bristol, protestors forcibly toppled the
statue of Edward Colston A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size. A sculpture ...
and dropped it into the harbour. The statue was recovered from the harbour by Bristol City Council, and Rees announced it would end up in a Bristol museum, where the full history of the statue could be told. The events placed Bristol in the forefront of global news, including the major news channels in the UK and US. Rees announced a new commission on Bristol's history, so that there could be a wider understanding of the city's history, including struggles on class, race and gender. A fly-on-the-wall BBC documentary, called ''Statue Wars'', was broadcast in June 2021, showing events in the Mayor's office as Rees managed the fall-out around the removal of the Colston statue. On 9 December 2020, four people — often referred to as the "Colston 4" Updated several times a day during the trial. — were charged with causing
criminal damage Property damage (sometimes called damage to property) is the damage or destruction of real or tangible personal property, caused by negligence, willful destruction, or an act of nature. Destruction of property (sometimes called property dest ...
in relation to the toppling of the statue. In a trial at
Bristol Crown Court The Bristol Crown Court is a Crown Court venue which deals with criminal cases at Small Street in Bristol, England. The building, which was completed in 1868, was previously used as a main post office before it was converted for judicial use in ...
, the defendants admitted they took part in the removal of the statue, but argued that it was justified. On 5 January 2022, the
jury A jury is a sworn body of people (jurors) convened to hear evidence, make Question of fact, findings of fact, and render an impartiality, impartial verdict officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a sentence (law), penalty or Judgmen ...
found the defendants not guilty of an offence. After the trial, Rees received criticism for not acting sooner to remove the statue, thereby preventing the outbreak of anger. Rees argued he had made a choice to expend his political capital on employment, housing, education, and tackling racism rather than a contentious symbolic matter. He noted that action was being taken elsewhere, pointing to the name change of the
Colston Hall Bristol Beacon, previously Colston Hall, is a concert hall and Grade II listed building on Colston Street, Bristol, England. It is owned by Bristol City Council. Since 2011, it has been managed by Bristol Music Trust. The hall opened as a con ...
which had already been committed to before the controversy surrounding Edward Colston gained nation-wide attention, so that the venue would no longer be associated with Colston's values and actions. Rees said he was pleased that the statue of Colston was no longer there.


Second term

Rees's mayoral term was due to expire in May 2020, but the next election was delayed for 12 months due to the
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
. The mayoral election took place in May 2021, and Rees was re-elected with 56.5% of the votes in a second round against the
Green Party A green party is a formally organized political party based on the principles of green politics, such as environmentalism and social justice. Green party platforms typically embrace Social democracy, social democratic economic policies and fo ...
candidate, who won 43.5%. The Green Party made large gains in councillors, so Labour lost overall control of the council, with Labour and Greens both having 24 councillors. However, under the Mayoral model Rees was able to continue to exercise executive control of the council through a cabinet of exclusively Labour councillors. Rees made a key election pledge to increase the new homes target for 2024 to 2,000 new homes per year, 1,000 of them affordable. In November 2021 Rees created the 'Project 1000' board to oversee the development of an affordable homes delivery plan. In October 2020, Rees was awarded an honorary fellowship by the
Royal Institute of British Architects The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its royal charter granted in 1837, three suppl ...
for his work as a "city maker". In July 2023, he was presented with a Doctor of Letters from Swansea University. In May 2022, a referendum took place in Bristol to decide if the city should continue being run by a mayor or a council-led committee system. The city voted 59% in favour of abolishing the post, on a 29% turnout. Rees continued to serve as mayor until May 2024, after which a new committee system was started. In June 2022 Rees was criticised for taking a flight to
Vancouver Vancouver is a major city in Western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the List of cities in British Columbia, most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the cit ...
to speak about
climate change Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in Global surface temperature, global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system. Climate variability and change, Climate change in ...
at a TED event. After Rees was asked about the "irony" of this act, by a Local Democracy Reporting Service reporter, his council's head of external communications, Saskia Konynenburg, challenged the line taken and whether it was appropriate for a LDRS reporter, rather than "a journalist from a newspaper", to be asking the question. Shortly afterwards it was reported that LDRS staff would not be allowed to attend the mayor's future press conferences, resulting in a boycott of those events by several local news outlets, as well as the BBC and ITV. On 6 July 2022, Rees announced that a
Clean Air Zone A Clean Air Zone (CAZ) is an area in the United Kingdom where targeted action is taken to improve air quality. A CAZ can be non-charging or charging. Whether a vehicle is charged when entering or moving through a CAZ depends on the type of vehi ...
for central Bristol would start on 28 November 2022. It would impose charges on more polluting older petrol and diesel vehicles, currently about a quarter of vehicles using the zone area. In 2023 he sought selection as the Labour
prospective parliamentary candidate In British politics, a prospective parliamentary candidate (PPC) is a candidate selected by political parties to contest under individual Westminster constituencies in advance of a general election. The term originally came into use because of ...
for the new seat of Bristol North East at the
2024 general election This is a list of elections that were held in 2024. The National Democratic Institute also maintains a calendar of elections around the world. * 2024 United Nations Security Council election * 2024 national electoral calendar * 2024 local electo ...
. On 30 July, he was defeated by
Mayor of Lewisham The mayor of Lewisham is a directly elected mayor responsible for the executive function of Lewisham London Borough Council in London. The role was established in 2002 following a referendum the previous year. Damien Egan resigned the post ...
Damien Egan Damien James Egan (born 8 July 1983) is a British Labour Party (UK), Labour politician serving as the Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament (MP) for Bristol North East (UK Parliament constituency), Bristol North East, previo ...
. In July 2023 the Mayor's office put Rees forward for the World Mayor Prize. He was shortlisted in November the same year. His nomination was accompanied by commendations from local councillors and MPs but received a significant number of criticisms published on the dedicated web pages. Rees was not picked as winner in any category.


Later career

In July 2023, Marvin Rees applied to become a parliamentary candidate for the Labour Party, but was not selected by Bristol Labour Party members. Rees was one of three people in the running to represent the new Bristol North East constituency alongside Lewisham Mayor
Damien Egan Damien James Egan (born 8 July 1983) is a British Labour Party (UK), Labour politician serving as the Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament (MP) for Bristol North East (UK Parliament constituency), Bristol North East, previo ...
and South Gloucestershire councillor Leigh Ingham. At the final hustings in Fishponds, around 700 party members voted on who they would like to stand for the seat at the next General Election, choosing Damien Egan. Egan went on to become the MP for Bristol North East. In June 2024, Rees was appointed an honorary industrial professor at
Bristol University The University of Bristol is a public research university in Bristol, England. It received its royal charter in 1909, although it can trace its roots to a Merchant Venturers' school founded in 1595 and University College, Bristol, which had ...
, and will work at the university Cabot Institute for the Environment. During an appearance on
Newsnight ''Newsnight'' is the BBC's news and current affairs programme, providing in-depth investigation and analysis of the stories behind the day's headlines. It is broadcast weeknights at 10:30 on BBC Two and the BBC News channel; it is also avail ...
in June 2024, Rees sparked controversy amid accusations he was ‘victim-shaming’ Nigel Farage by saying the Reform UK leader had helped create the kind of anger that saw someone throw a stone at him on an open top bus. On 4 September 2024, Rees launched his memoir, ''Let's See What Happens'' (), about his life and time as Mayor.


Deleted emails controversy

In December 2024, it emerged that a Freedom of Information request by a local democracy activist to uncover details of Rees's meetings could not be satisfied because Rees's email inbox 'had been deleted' just a month after he left office. Conservative and Green Bristol City Councillors rejected the argument that the emails were permanently expunged at that point. During the meeting, they described the rejection of the FOI as a "stain on ristol'scivic character", and "in breach of the council's statutory duty", calling Bristol City Council an "impenetrable fortress" for members of the public seeking information about decision-making. Following the controversy, Bristol City Councillors voted unanimously to implement a raft of suggested reforms to give greater accessibility and transparency of public records. Marvin Rees had previously described himself as "Bristol's most transparent person".


Peerage

In December 2024 Rees was nominated for a
life peer In the United Kingdom, life peers are appointed members of the peerage whose titles cannot be inherited, in contrast to hereditary peers. Life peers are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister. With the exception of the D ...
age to become a Labour member of the
House of Lords The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the lower house, the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster in London, England. One of the oldest ext ...
as part of the
2024 Political Peerages A list of nominations for life peerages was announced by the Prime Minister's Office on 20 December 2024. Life Peerages Labour *Prof. Wendy Alexander, – Vice Chair of the British Council, former Member of the Scottish Parliament for Paisley No ...
. He was created ''Baron Rees of Easton, of Saint Pauls in the City of Bristol'' on 4 February 2025.


Personal life

Marvin Rees describes himself as the
mixed-race The term multiracial people refers to people who are mixed with two or more races and the term multi-ethnic people refers to people who are of more than one ethnicities. A variety of terms have been used both historically and presently for mul ...
son of a British- Jamaican father and white British mother, with his mother raising him as a single parent. He was born and grew up in Bristol in financially difficult circumstances with seven siblings. According to Rees, his paternal four-times-great-grandfather was executed by the colonial Jamaican government for participating in the 1865
Morant Bay rebellion The Morant Bay Rebellion (11 October 1865) began with a protest march to the courthouse by hundreds of people led by preacher Paul Bogle in Morant Bay, Jamaica. Some were armed with sticks and stones. After seven men were shot and killed by t ...
. He is married to Kiersten Rees, with whom he has three children. He lived in Easton from 1978 until 2016, moving shortly after be became mayor. In 2018 a documentary film was released with a premiere at
Watershed Watershed may refer to: Hydrology * Drainage divide, the line that separates neighbouring drainage basins * Drainage basin, an area of land where surface water converges (North American usage) Music * Watershed Music Festival, an annual country ...
, Bristol, about Rees's journey into politics and his two campaigns for the city's top political job. ''The Mayor's Race'' was filmed between 2011 and 2017, covering Rees's two mayoral campaigns in 2012 and 2016 as well as Bristol's historical issues of race and racism—including the 1963 bus boycott, the 1980 St Pauls riot, and the
Bristol slave trade up Statue of slave trader The Centre, Bristol">The Centre, Bristol, erected in 1895, Statue of Edward Colston#Toppling and removal">toppled in 2020 Bristol, a port city in the South West of England, on the banks of the River Avon (Bristol), ...
. In 2020 the BBC made a documentary around Rees and the events surrounding the felling of the Colston statue entitled "Statue Wars". The documentary was made by Uplands TV and had full behind the scenes access to Mayor Rees and his senior team. Rees is a Christian, attending Hope Community Church in
Hotwells Hotwells is a neighbourhood in the English port city of Bristol. It is located to the south of and below the high ground of Clifton, and directly to the north of the Floating Harbour. The southern entrance to the Avon Gorge, which connects th ...
and has spoken openly about his faith. For the first years of his career he worked for a Christian anti-poverty charity and a Christian social justice magazine. Rees was appointed
Officer of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry, rewarding valuable service in a wide range of useful activities. It comprises five classes of awards across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two o ...
(OBE) in the
2024 New Year Honours The 2024 New Year Honours are appointments by some of the 15 Commonwealth realms to Orders and decorations of the Commonwealth realms, various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The New Year Hono ...
for services to local government.


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rees, Marvin 1972 births Living people Alumni of Swansea University Eastern University (United States) alumni Black British politicians Labour Party (UK) mayors Labour Party (UK) life peers Life peers created by Charles III Mayors of Bristol English people of Jamaican descent Officers of the Order of the British Empire