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Martyr ( zh, s=烈士, hp=Lièshì) is an honorary title in the
People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
given by the
Ministry of Civil Affairs The Ministry of Civil Affairs ( zh, 中华人民共和国民政部) the cabinet-level executive department of the State Council of China which is responsible for social and administrative affairs. It is the 10th-ranked department in the State C ...
, the
Ministry of Public Security Ministry of Public Security can refer to: * Ministry of Justice and Public Security (Brazil) * Ministry of Public Security of Burundi * Ministry of Public Security (Chile) * Ministry of Public Security (China) * Ministry of Public Security of Co ...
, the
People's Liberation Army The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the military of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). It consists of four Military branch, services—People's Liberation Army Ground Force, Ground Force, People's ...
or provincial governments in the country. The state can prosecute those who slander officially designated martyrs under the
Law on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs is a legislation concerning protecting the reputation of those the People's Republic of China has designated as Martyr (China), martyrs. It was passed by the Stand ...
.


Description

Martyr is an honorary title for those who officially sacrificed their lives for a just cause or sacrificed their lives for justice. In the
Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...
, the
Great Ming Code The ''Great Ming Code'' was the legal code of the Ming dynasty, focused primarily on criminal law. It was created at the direction of the dynasty’s founder, the Hongwu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, in the late 14th century, as part of broader social ...
stipulated that actors were not allowed to play loyal martyrs, and those who violated the law would be punished. In the People's Republic of China, martyrs were formerly called "revolutionary martyrs", referring to Chinese citizens (including members of the People's Liberation Army) who "died heroically in the revolutionary struggle, defending the motherland and socialist modernization construction."  In addition, according to the "Several Explanations on Revolutionary Martyrs" issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Central People's Government in 1950, for before the founding of the People's Republic of China, those who died in battle, were executed by the authorities or died in prison for opposing the
Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...
, the
Beiyang government The Beiyang government was the internationally recognized government of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China between 1912 and 1928, based in Beijing. It was dominated by the generals of the Beiyang Army, giving it its name. B ...
, the
Nationalist government The Nationalist government, officially the National Government of the Republic of China, refers to the government of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China from 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT ...
and fighting Japan were also regarded as "revolutionary martyrs."白婧、白建国，生命的珍藏：百份革命战争年代的烈士证，海燕出版社，2013年 In 2011, the "Regulations on Commendation of Martyrs" was promulgated and implemented, and "revolutionary martyrs" were renamed "martyrs."{{cite news , date= , title=国务院公布《烈士褒扬条例》 , url=http://tfs.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/faguixinxifanying/201112/t20111209_614220.html , archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018130253/http://tfs.mof.gov.cn/zhengwuxinxi/faguixinxifanying/201112/t20111209_614220.html , archivedate=2012-10-18 , accessdate=2018-05-26 , publisher=财政部 , language=zh-hans , url-status=dead


References

Ministry of Civil Affairs Ministry of Public Security (China) Orders, decorations, and medals of the People's Republic of China Military awards and decorations of China Martyr (China)