The Martin 2-0-2 was an airliner introduced in 1947. The twin piston-engined
fixed-wing aircraft
A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air aircraft, such as an airplane, which is capable of flight using aerodynamic lift. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from rotary-wing aircraft (in which a rotor mounted on a spinning shaft generate ...
was designed and built by the
Glenn L. Martin Company
The Glenn L. Martin Company, also known as The Martin Company from 1917 to 1961, was an American aircraft and aerospace industry, aerospace manufacturing company founded by aviation pioneer Glenn L. Martin. The Martin Company produced many impo ...
.
Design and development
Glenn L. Martin, president of the company, intended that the Model 2-0-2 would be a replacement for the
Douglas DC-3
The Douglas DC-3 is a propeller-driven airliner manufactured by the Douglas Aircraft Company, which had a lasting effect on the airline industry in the 1930s to 1940s and World War II.
It was developed as a larger, improved 14-bed sleeper ...
. It was also known as the "Martin Executive".
The first flight of the model was in November 1946. Full civilian certification was gained in August 1947, several months before competing aircraft types. The total production of 2-0-2s and 2-0-2As was 47 aircraft.
The aircraft was not pressurized, but was considered a long-range airliner. The fatal crash in 1948 of
Northwest Airlines Flight 421 revealed a serious structural problem in the wings. Structural
metal fatigue
In materials science, fatigue is the initiation and propagation of cracks in a material due to cyclic loading. Once a fatigue crack has initiated, it grows a small amount with each loading cycle, typically producing striation (fatigue), striati ...
was the problem in a major wing spar. Alloy
7075-T6 was used, which is susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking and low toughness. The airliner was grounded and modifications were made. The wing components were redesigned and the engines replaced. The changed type was designated the Martin 2-0-2A.
Operational history

On November 13, 1945
Pennsylvania Central Airlines purchased a fleet of 35 Martin 2-0-2s from the Glenn Martin Company for $7,000,000. Two weeks later,
Colonial Airlines announced that they would purchase 20 airplanes for $4,000,000, scheduled for delivery in 1947. Early in the next year, Martin announced that Pennsylvania Central Airlines had ordered 15 more 2-0-2s, bringing the total aircraft on order in early January 1947 to 137 aircraft, with a sales value of $27,000,000.
Despite the announcement of these large orders, the contract terms allowed the airlines to cancel them without any penalty.
The 2-0-2 was unpressurised, unlike the competing
Convair 240
The Convair CV-240 is an American airliner that Convair manufactured from 1947 to 1954, initially as a possible replacement for the ubiquitous Douglas DC-3. Featuring a more modern design with cabin pressurization, the 240 series made some inroa ...
. Therefore, as delays in production built up, all airlines except Northwest, TWA, LAN, and LAV cancelled their orders and only 31 2-0-2s and 12 2-0-2As were actually delivered to the airlines.
The first scheduled flight was on Northwest between Minneapolis and Chicago on 13 October 1947.
The 2-0-2 was the first airplane subjected to the U.S.
Civil Aeronautics Administration's then-new "Accelerated Service Test," introduced May 15, 1947. In this test, an airliner was to undergo a rigorous 150-hour test, attempting to squeeze one year's service into a week to 10 days of flying. The 2-0-2 made such a test visiting about 50 cities in seven days. At each city, comprehensive inspections were made of the aircraft systems to assess how wear or malfunction would occur.
TWA and Northwest, initial customers of the 2-0-2, eventually sold theirs to California Central and Pioneer Airlines. Later,
Allegheny Airlines acquired many of the 2-0-2s as part of the company's expansion plans, beginning June 1, 1955. Eventually, they acquired a total of 18 aircraft.
Only one of this type of aircraft is known to survive, at the
Aviation Hall of Fame and Museum of New Jersey.
This airliner was eventually developed into the
Martin 4-0-4, which was more successful.
Variants
The Martin Company designated the following quantities for the airlines (though not all were built), listed by Martin Model number:
;2-0-2:twin engine prototype: 3, in 1946
;2-0-2FL:twin engine commercial transport, Chile: 4, in 1947
;2-0-2NW:twin engine commercial transport,
Northwest Airlines
Northwest Airlines (often abbreviated as NWA) was a major airline in the United States that operated from 1926 until it Delta Air Lines–Northwest Airlines merger, merged with Delta Air Lines in 2010. The merger made Delta the largest airline ...
: 25, in 1947
;2-0-2LAV:twin engine commercial transport, Venezuela: 2, in 1947
;2-0-2A:twin engine commercial transport,
Trans World Airlines
Trans World Airlines (TWA) was a major airline in the United States that operated from 1930 until it was acquired by American Airlines in 2001. It was formed as Transcontinental & Western Air to operate a route from New York City to Los Angeles ...
: 21, in 1947
;2-0-2E:twin engine commercial transport,
Eastern Airlines
Eastern Air Lines (also colloquially known as Eastern) was a major airline in the United States that operated from 1926 to 1991. Before its dissolution, it was headquartered at Miami International Airport in an unincorporated area of Miami-Dade ...
: 25, in 1947
Operators
♠ original operators
;
*
LAN Chile ♠ (four new delivered, 1947–1948
)
;
* Aeroproveedora
;
*
Japan Air Lines (five leased from
Transocean
Transocean Ltd. is an American drilling company. It is the world's largest offshore drilling contractor based on revenue and is based in Steinhausen, Switzerland. The company has offices in 20 countries, including Canada, the United States, ...
in 1951–1952)
;
*
Servicios Aéreos Baja
;
* RAPSA Panama
;
*
Admiral Airlines
*
Allegheny Airlines (18, 1955–1966)
*
California Central Airlines
*
Martin Air Transport
*
Modern Air Transport
*
Northwest Orient Airlines ♠ (25 new delivered, 1947
)
*
Pacific Air Lines (seven, 1958–1964)
*
Pioneer Air Lines (nine, 1952–1960)
* Southeast Airlines (Florida)
*
Southwest Airways
*
Trans World Airlines
Trans World Airlines (TWA) was a major airline in the United States that operated from 1930 until it was acquired by American Airlines in 2001. It was formed as Transcontinental & Western Air to operate a route from New York City to Los Angeles ...
♠ (12 new delivered, 1950
)
*
Transocean Airlines (15, 1951–1952)
;
*
Linea Aeropostal Venezolana
Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela C.A. is a state-owned airline of Venezuela based in Torre Polar (beer), Polar Oeste in Caracas, Venezuela. It operates domestic services and international services in the Caribbean. Its main base is Simón Bolívar ...
♠ (two new delivered, 1947
)
Accidents and incidents
The Martin 2-0-2 had 13 hull-loss accidents and incidents, of which nine were fatal accidents.
* 29 August 1948 –
Northwest Airlines Flight 421 crashed after losing a wing near
Winona,
Minnesota
Minnesota ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario to the north and east and by the U.S. states of Wisconsin to the east, Iowa to the so ...
,
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
, with 37 fatalities.
* 7 March 1950 –
Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 307 crashed after hitting a flag pole near
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, United States, with 15 fatalities including two on the ground.
* 13 October 1950 – A Northwest Orient 2-0-2 crashed on a training flight at
Almelund, Minnesota, with six fatalities.
* 7 November 1950 – Northwest Orient Flight 115 crashed into a mountain near
Butte
In geomorphology, a butte ( ) is an isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top; buttes are smaller landforms than mesas, plateaus, and table (landform), tablelands. The word ''butte'' comes from the French l ...
,
Montana
Montana ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota to the east, South Dakota to the southeast, Wyoming to the south, an ...
, United States, with 21 fatalities.
* 16 January 1951 – Northwest Orient Flight 115 crashed with 10 fatalities near
Reardan,
Washington, United States, after a sudden unexplained loss of control during cruise.
* 5 November 1951 –
Transocean Air Lines Flight 5763 crashed on approach to
Tucumcari Municipal Airport near
Tucumcari,
New Mexico
New Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States. It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains, sharing the Four Corners region with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. It also ...
, United States, with one fatality.
* 9 April 1952 – The 2-0-2 ''Mokusei'', leased from Northwest Orient Airlines and operating as
Japan Air Lines Flight 301, crashed into
Mount Mihara
is an active volcano on the Japanese isle of Izu Ōshima. Although the volcano is predominantly basaltic, major eruptions have occurred at intervals of 100–150 years.
History
Mount Mihara's major eruption in 1986 saw lava fountains up to h ...
on
Izu Ōshima in
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
with 37 fatalities.
* 12 January 1955 –
Trans World Airlines
Trans World Airlines (TWA) was a major airline in the United States that operated from 1930 until it was acquired by American Airlines in 2001. It was formed as Transcontinental & Western Air to operate a route from New York City to Los Angeles ...
Flight 694 was destroyed in
a midair collision with a privately owned
Douglas DC-3
The Douglas DC-3 is a propeller-driven airliner manufactured by the Douglas Aircraft Company, which had a lasting effect on the airline industry in the 1930s to 1940s and World War II.
It was developed as a larger, improved 14-bed sleeper ...
near
Covington,
Kentucky
Kentucky (, ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north, West Virginia to the ...
, United States, killing all 13 people on the 2-0-2 and both on the DC-3.
* 14 November 1955 – An
Allegheny Airlines 2-0-2's
undercarriage collapsed while landing at
Wilmington-New Castle Airport in
New Castle County,
Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic states, South Atlantic regions of the United States. It borders Maryland to its south and west, Pennsylvania to its north, New Jersey ...
, at the end of a training flight. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
* 30 December 1955 – A
Southwest Airways 2-0-2 was destroyed in a
hangar
A hangar is a building or structure designed to hold aircraft or spacecraft. Hangars are built of metal, wood, or concrete. The word ''hangar'' comes from Middle French ''hanghart'' ("enclosure near a house"), of Germanic origin, from Frankish ...
fire at
San Francisco
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, Financial District, San Francisco, financial, and Culture of San Francisco, cultural center of Northern California. With a population of 827,526 residents as of ...
,
California
California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
, United States.
* 21 August 1959 – A
Pacific Air Lines 2-0-2A was damaged beyond repair after a ground incident with a
Curtiss C-46 Commando
The Curtiss C-46 Commando is a low-wing, twin-engine aircraft derived from the Curtiss CW-20 pressurized high-altitude airliner design. Early press reports used the name "Condor III" but the Commando name was in use by early 1942 in company p ...
at
Burbank
Burbank may refer to:
Places Australia
* Burbank, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane
United States
* Burbank, California, a city in Los Angeles County
* Burbank, Santa Clara County, California, a census-designated place
* Burbank, Illinois, ...
, California, United States.
* 1 December 1959 –
Allegheny Airlines Flight 371 crashed into a mountain on approach to
Williamsport,
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state, state spanning the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes region, Great Lakes regions o ...
, United States, with 25 fatalities.
Allegheny Airlines Flight 371
/ref>
* 2 November 1963 – An Allegheny Airlines 2-0-2 was damaged beyond repair at Newark, New Jersey
New Jersey is a U.S. state, state located in both the Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. Located at the geographic hub of the urban area, heavily urbanized Northeas ...
, United States.
Specifications (Martin 2-0-2)
See also
Notes
References
*
*
*
*
External links
First Martin 202 crash due to metal fatigue.
- Aviation Safety Network
- Maryland Aviation Museum
*
{{Martin aircraft
1940s United States airliners
2-0-2
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear