Martand Sun Temple

The Martand Sun Temple is a Hindu temple located near the city of Anantnag in the Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), India. It dates back to the eighth century CE and was dedicated to Surya, the solar deity in Hinduism; Surya is also known by the Sanskrit-language synonym '' Martand'' (). The temple was destroyed by Sikandar Shah Miri.

History

Establishment

According to Kalhana, the Martand Sun Temple was commissioned by Lalitaditya Muktapida in the eighth century CE.

Destruction

According to Jonaraja (fl. 1430) as well as Hasan Ali, the temple was destroyed by Sikandar Shah Miri (1389-1413) in a zeal to Islamise society under the advice of Sufi preacher Mir Muhammad Hamadani; Jonaraja pinned the blame on his chief-counsel Suhabhatta, a Brahman neo-convert who was held to have manifested a reign of intense persecution for the local Hindus, whereas Ali particularly affirmed Sikandar's convictions in these aspects.

Scholars caution against accepting these sources at face value — Jonaraja was appointed by Sikandar's son, who sought to bring back the Brahminical elite into the royal fold, while later Muslim chroniclers had their motives to fit the past into an idealist tale of orthodox Islamic morality. According to Chitralekha Zutshi and Richard G. Salomon, Sikandar's policies were guided by realpolitik and, like with the previous Hindu rulers, an attempt to secure political legitimacy by asserting state power over Brahmans and gaining access to wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions. J. L. Bhan notes a stone sculpture—a four-armed Brahma, sculpted by the son of a Buddhist ''Sanghapati'' and dedicated to Sikandar—to challenge simplistic notions of religious persecution. Slaje disagrees about the absence of religious motivations but notes the aversion of Brahmin chroniclers to be, largely, the result of resistance to the gradual disintegration of caste-hierarchy under Muslim influence.

Degradation

The ruins and the remnants of the structure suffered further damage from several earthquakes.

Architecture

The Martand temple was built on top of a plateau from where one can view the whole of the Kashmir Valley. From the ruins and related archaeological findings, it can be said that it was an excellent specimen of Kashmiri architecture, which had blended the Gandharan, Gupta, and Chinese forms of architecture.

The temple has a colonnaded courtyard, with its primary shrine in its center and surrounded by 84 smaller shrines, stretching 220 feet long and 142 feet broad in total and incorporating a smaller temple that was previously built. The temple turns out to be the largest example of a peristyle in Kashmir and is complex due to its various chambers that are proportional in size and aligned with the overall perimeter of the temple. In Hindu temple architecture, the primary entrance to the temple is situated on the western side of the quadrangle and is the same width as the temple itself, creating grandeur. The entrance is highly reflective of the temple as a whole due to its elaborate decoration and allusion to the deities worshiped inside. The primary shrine is located in a centralised structure (the temple proper) that is thought to have had a pyramidal top - a common feature of the temples in Kashmir. Various wall carvings in the antechamber of the temple proper depict other gods, such as Vishnu, and river goddesses, such as Ganga and Yamuna, in addition to the sun-god Surya.

File:KITLV 100455 - Unknown - Martand Temple on the plateau above the Kashmir Valley in British India - Around 1870.tif, Ruins in c. 1870
File:Restored Martand Sun temple India 1870.jpg, Restored impression by J. Duguid (1870–73)
Martand Sun Temple enclosure (6134371538).jpg, Panorama of the ruins in the summer of 2011
File:Martand Sun Temple in the Winter (6741284235).jpg, Ruins in winter of 2012

Conservation

The Archaeological Survey of India has declared the Martand Sun Temple as a site of national importance in Jammu and Kashmir. The temple appears in the list of centrally protected monuments as ''Kartanda (Sun Temple)''.

Restoration

In March 2024, the Jammu and Kashmir government initiated efforts to restore the temple.

In popular culture

*1970: The Hindi film '' Man Ki Aankhen'' starring Dharmendra and Waheeda Rahman has Martand Temple as background for the Rafi-Lata song ''Chala Bhi Aa Aaja Rasiya''.
*1975: The Hindi film ''Aandhi'' starring Sanjeev Kumar and Suchitra Sen has Martand Temple as background for the Kishore-Lata song "Tere Bina Zindagi Se Koi Shikwa Nahiin".
*2014: The temple was selected as the background for the song "Bismil", in the Hindi film '' Haider'', modelled on Hamlet in the backdrop of the Kashmir conflict. Certain Kashmiri Pandits claimed that the site was depicted as a "den of evil"—hurting their sentiments in the process—and sought a ban.

Notes

References

External links

Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
- Martand Sun Temple Site Photos

Martand Sun Temple in winter
- Pics of Surya Sun Temple under snow

Martand Sun Temple and around

{{Sun temples

a)A History of Kashmir by Pandit Prithvi Nath Kaul Bamzai, pp. 140

8th-century Hindu temples
Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir
Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir
Surya temples
Anantnag district
756 establishments
Religious buildings and structures completed in the 750s
Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
Karkota dynasty