Marshallia Angustifolia
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''Marshallia'' is a genus of plants in the tribe
Helenieae Helenieae is a tribe of the plant family Asteraceae. The type genus is '' Helenium'', but the best known members of the tribe are the '' Gaillardia''. Helenieae are usually placed in their own tribe, but some authors include this and several othe ...
within the family
Asteraceae Asteraceae () is a large family (biology), family of flowering plants that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the Order (biology), order Asterales. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchi ...
. ''Marshallia'' is native to the southeastern and south-central
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
.USDA
/ref> A common name applied to most species in the genus is Barbara's buttons.


Description

''Marshallia'' is found in open habitats, such as roadsides, bogs, or open woodlands dominated by
pine A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. ''World Flora Online'' accepts 134 species-rank taxa (119 species and 15 nothospecies) of pines as cu ...
s. Several species are associated with wetlands.Flora of North America, Vol. 21 Page 456, ''Marshallia'' Schreber, Gen. Pl. 2: 810. 1791.
/ref> The typical blooming period is late spring (May) and early summer (June or early July). The small white-to-pinkish flowers occur in large, compact, spherical heads ''Marshallia'' are very attractive to pollinating insects, including
butterflies Butterflies are winged insects from the lepidopteran superfamily Papilionoidea, characterized by large, often brightly coloured wings that often fold together when at rest, and a conspicuous, fluttering flight. The oldest butterfly fossi ...
and various
beetle Beetles are insects that form the Taxonomic rank, order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Holometabola. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 40 ...
s, such as flower chafers of the genus ''
Euphoria Euphoria ( ) is the experience (or affect) of pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness. Certain natural rewards and social activities, such as aerobic exercise, laughter, listening to or making music and da ...
''. ; SpeciesFlann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
* '' Marshallia angustifolia'' (Michx.) Pursh - TN * '' Marshallia caespitosa'' Nutt. ex DC., puffballs. - TX OK KS MO AR LA * '' Marshallia graminifolia'' (Walt.) Small, grassleaf Barbara's buttons. - TX LA MS AL GA FL SC NC * †'' Marshallia grandiflora''
Beadle A beadle, sometimes spelled bedel, is an official who may usher, keep order, make reports, and assist in religious functions; or a minor official who carries out various civil, educational or ceremonial duties on the manor. The term has pre- ...
& F.E. Boynt.,
Appalachian Barbara's buttons.USDA Plants Profile for ''Marshallia grandiflora'' (Monongahela Barbara's buttons)
/ref> - NC * '' Marshallia legrandii'' Weakley, tall Barbara's buttons. - NC, VA * '' Marshallia mohrii'' Beadle & F.E. Boynt, Mohr's Barbara's buttons. - AL GA * '' Marshallia obovata'' (Walt.) Beadle & F.E. Boynt. spoonshape Barbara's buttons. - TN AL GA FL SC NC VA * '' Marshallia pulchra'' W.M. Knapp, D.B. Poind. & Weakley beautiful Barbara’s buttons. - TN KY WV MD PA *'' Marshallia ramosa'' Beadle & F.E.Boynt., southern Barbara's buttons. - FL GA *'' Marshallia trinervia'' (Walt.) Trel., broadleaf Barbara's buttons. - LA MS AL GA SC NC TN


Conservation

One species in the genus, ''Marshallia grandiflora'' (Appalachian Barbara's buttons) is extinct, having been wiped out in the early 20th century. It was formerly considered conspecific with ''Marshallia pulchra'' (Beautiful Barbara's buttons or Monongahela Barbara's buttons), which is endangered in
Kentucky Kentucky (, ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north, West Virginia to the ...
,
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state, state spanning the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes region, Great Lakes regions o ...
, and
Tennessee Tennessee (, ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina t ...
, and has been extirpated in
Maryland Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It borders the states of Virginia to its south, West Virginia to its west, Pennsylvania to its north, and Delaware to its east ...
. That species is found in bogs and scoured riverbanks, and requires periodic flooding to maintain open habitat. ''Marshallia obovata'' (Spoonshape Barbara's buttons or Piedmont Barbara's buttons), is listed as endangered in
Florida Florida ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the north, the Atlantic ...
and threatened in
Tennessee Tennessee (, ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina t ...
.(Center for Plant Conservation, USDA Plants)


Etymology

The genus name was given by the botanist
Schreber Schreber is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Daniel Gottfried Schreber (1708–1777), German jurist and scholar *Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber (17 January 1739 – 10 Decemb ...
(in ''Genera Plantarum'', 1791) to honor the Marshall family, uncle
Humphry Humphry is a masculine given name and surname. It comes from the Old Germanic name Hunfrid, which means "friend of the hun". The name may refer to: People First name * Humphry Berkeley (1926–1994), British politician * Humphry Bowen (1929–20 ...
and nephew Moses, of Pennsylvania. They were botanists of the American colonial period, and cousins of the famous botanists and explorers
John John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second E ...
and
William Bartram William Bartram (April 20, 1739 – July 22, 1823) was an American naturalist, writer and explorer. Bartram was the author of an acclaimed book, now known by the shortened title Bartram's ''Travels'', which chronicled his explorations of the S ...
. The origin of the common name "Barbara's buttons" is unknown. The flower heads do resemble buttons, but botanical references giving this name do not quote the Barbara which the name honors (Rickett 1975). The reference is possibly to
Saint Barbara Saint Barbara (; ; ; ), known in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the Great Martyr Barbara, was an Early Christianity, early Christian Greek saint and martyr. There is no reference to her in the authentic early Christian writings nor in the origin ...
, though the association is obscure. Saint Barbara had long hair, and is also associated with lightning—perhaps the individual flowers resemble lightning bolts, or the whole head of flowers resembles Saint Barbara's long locks (Coin 2005). This common name was not, at any rate, widespread in the 19th century. It was not used in ''Southern Wildflowers and Trees'' (1901) or ''Plant Life Of Alabama'' (1901). The botanist B.W. Wells, in ''Natural Gardens of North Carolina'' (1932), called the plants "loudspeakers", referring to the megaphone shape of the individual flowers. The first printed use of the name "Barbara's buttons" is in Small's ''Manual of the Southeastern Flora'' (1933).


References


Further reading

* Channell, Robert Bennie (1955). A revisional study of the genus ''Marshallia'' Schreb (Compositae). Thesis (Ph. D.) Duke University. * Duncan, Wilbur H., Marion B. Duncan (1999). Wildflowers of the Eastern United States. University of Georgia Press. . * Lounsberry, Alice (1901). Southern Wild Flowers and Trees. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. * Mohr, Charles T. (1901). Plant Life Of Alabama. Montgomery, Alabama: Brown Printing Company. * Porcher, Richard D., Douglas A. Rayner (2002), A Guide to the Wildflowers of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press. . * Radford, Albert E., H.E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell (1968). Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. . * Rickett, Harold (1975). Wildflowers of the United States II(2): 630. New York: McGraw-Hill. * Small, John Kunkel (1933). Manual of Southeastern Flora. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. * Wells, B.W. (1932, reprint 2002). Natural Gardens of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. .
Center for Plant Conservation
account for ''Marshallia grandiflora'', accessed 25 May 2006


External links


USDA Plants Profile: ''Marshallia''
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q2364529, from2=Q55829756 Helenieae Asteraceae genera Endemic flora of the United States Flora of the United States Flora of the Southeastern United States