Marshal of France (, plural ') is a French military distinction, rather than a

military rank Military ranks is a system of hierarchy, hierarchical relationships within armed forces, police, Intelligence agency, intelligence agencies, paramilitary groups, and other institutions organized along military organisation , military lines, such ...

, that is awarded to

generals A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air and space forces, marines or naval infantry. In some usages, the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED Online. Ma ...

for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the

Great Officers of the Crown of France The Great Officers of the Crown of France () were the most important officers of state in the French royal court during the ''Ancien Régime'' and Bourbon Restoration. They were appointed by the King of France, with all but the Keeper of the S ...

during the and

Bourbon Restoration Bourbon Restoration may refer to: France under the House of Bourbon: * Bourbon Restoration in France (1814, after the French revolution and Napoleonic era, until 1830; interrupted by the Hundred Days in 1815) Spain under the Spanish Bourbons: * Ab ...

, and one of the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire during the

First French Empire The First French Empire or French Empire (; ), also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from ...

(when the title was

Marshal of the Empire Marshal of the Empire () was a civil dignity during the First French Empire. It was established by on 18 May 1804 and to a large extent reinstated the formerly abolished title of Marshal of France. According to the ''Sénatus-consulte'', a Mar ...

, not Marshal of France). A Marshal of France displays seven stars on each shoulder strap. A marshal also receives a

baton Baton may refer to: Stick-like objects *Baton, a type of club *Baton (law enforcement) *Baston (weapon), a type of baton used in Arnis and Filipino Martial Arts *Baton charge, a coordinated tactic for dispersing crowds of people *Baton (conducti ...

– a blue cylinder with stars, formerly

fleurs-de-lis The ''fleur-de-lis'', also spelled ''fleur-de-lys'' (plural ''fleurs-de-lis'' or ''fleurs-de-lys''), is a common heraldic charge in the ( stylized) shape of a lily (in French, and mean and respectively). Most notably, the ''fleur-de-lis ...

during the monarchy and

eagle Eagle is the common name for the golden eagle, bald eagle, and other birds of prey in the family of the Accipitridae. Eagles belong to several groups of Genus, genera, some of which are closely related. True eagles comprise the genus ''Aquila ( ...

s during the First French Empire. The baton bears the

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

inscription of ', which means "terror in war, ornament in peace". Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of

Marshal General of France Marshal General of France, originally "Marshal General of the King's camps and armies" (), was a title given to signify that the recipient had authority over all of the French armies, in the days when a Marshal of France usually governed only one ...

: , , , , , and . The distinction of

Admiral of France Admiral of France () is a French title of honour. It is the naval equivalent of Marshal of France and was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France. History The title was created in 1270 by Louis IX of France, during the Eighth Crusad ...

is the equivalent in the

French Navy The French Navy (, , ), informally (, ), is the Navy, maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the four military service branches of History of France, France. It is among the largest and most powerful List of navies, naval forces i ...

History

The title derived from the office of ''marescallus Franciae'' created by King

Philip II Augustus Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), also known as Philip Augustus (), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His predecessors had been known as kings of the Franks (Latin: ''rex Francorum''), but from 1190 onward, Philip became the firs ...

for

Albéric Clément Albéric Clément (c. 1165 – 3 July 1191) was the first Marshal of France (''Marescallus Franciae''), a position created for him by Philip Augustus in 1185. He also inherited the ''seigneurie'' of Mez (later Mez-le-Maréchal) in Gâtinais af ...

about 1190. The title was abolished by the

National Convention The National Convention () was the constituent assembly of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for its first three years during the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the ...

in 1793. It was restored as Marshal of the Empire during the First French Empire by

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

. Under the Bourbon Restoration, the title reverted to Marshal of France, and

Napoleon III Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was President of France from 1848 to 1852 and then Emperor of the French from 1852 until his deposition in 1870. He was the first president, second emperor, and last ...

kept that designation. After the fall of Napoleon III and the

Second French Empire The Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was the government of France from 1852 to 1870. It was established on 2 December 1852 by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, president of France under the French Second Republic, who proclaimed hi ...

, the Third Republic did not use the title until the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, when it was recreated as a military distinction and not a rank. Contrarily to ranks, which are awarded by the army, the distinction of Marshal of France is awarded by a special law voted by the

French Parliament The French Parliament (, ) is the Bicameralism, bicameral parliament of the French Fifth Republic, consisting of the Senate (France), Senate (), and the National Assembly (France), National Assembly (). Each assembly conducts legislative sessi ...

. For this reason, it is impossible to demote a Marshal. The most famous case is

Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Bénoni Omer Joseph Pétain (; 24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), better known as Marshal Pétain (, ), was a French marshal who commanded the French Army in World War I and later became the head of the Collaboration with Nazi Ger ...

, who was awarded the distinction of Marshal of France for his generalship in World War I, and who was stripped of other positions and titles after his trial for high treason due to his involvement with collaborationist

Vichy France Vichy France (; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was a French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II, established as a result of the French capitulation after the Battle of France, ...

: due to the principle of

separation of powers The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state (polity), state power (usually Legislature#Legislation, law-making, adjudication, and Executive (government)#Function, execution) and requires these operat ...

, the court that judged him did not have the power to cancel the law that had made him a Marshal in the first place. The last living Marshal of France was

Alphonse Juin Alphonse Pierre Juin (16 December 1888 – 27 January 1967) was a senior French Army general who became Marshal of France. A graduate of the École Spéciale Militaire class of 1912, he served in Morocco in 1914 in command of native troops. Upon ...

, promoted in 1952, who died in 1967. The latest Marshal of France was

Marie-Pierre Kœnig Marie Joseph Pierre François Kœnig or Koenig (10 October 1898 – 2 September 1970) was a French general during World War II during which he commanded a Free French Brigade at the Battle of Bir Hakeim in North Africa in 1942. He started a poli ...

, who was made a Marshal posthumously in 1984. Today, the title of Marshal of France can only be granted to a general officer who fought victoriously in war-time.

Direct Capetians

Philip II, 1180–1223

, Lord of Le Mez (died 1191), Marshal of France in 1185 *

Matthew II of Montmorency Matthew II or Mathieu II (died 24 November 1230), called ''the Great'' or ''the Great Constable'', was lord of Montmorency from 1189 and Constable of France from 1218 to 1230. Matthew was the son of Bouchard V de Montmorency and Lauretta de Hai ...

, Lord of Montmorency and Marly, Marshal of France in 1191 * Guillaume de Bournel, (died 1195), Marshal of France in 1192 *

Nivelon d'Arras Nivelon may refer to: * (died 1073), lord of Pierrefonds * (died 1102), lord of Pierrefonds * ( ), marshal of France *Nivelon de Quierzy (died 1207), bishop of Soissons * (died 1262), bishop of Soissons The Diocese of Soissons, Laon, and Sain ...

(died 1204), Marshal of France in 1202 * Henry I Clément, called the "Little Marshal", Lord of Le Mez and of

Argentan Argentan () is a commune and the seat of two cantons and of an arrondissement in the Orne department in northwestern France. As of 2019, Argentan is the third largest municipality by population in the Orne department.

(1170–1214), Marshal of France in 1204 *

Jean III Clément Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * Jean ...

, Lord of Le Mez and of Argentan (died 1262), Marshal of France in 1214 * Guillaume de la Tournelle (dates unknown), Marshal of France in 1220

Louis IX, 1226–1270

Ferry Pasté A ferry is a boat or ship that transports passengers, and occasionally vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A small passenger ferry with multiple stops, like those in Venice, Italy, is sometimes referred to as a water taxi or water bus. ...

, Lord of Challeranges (died 1247), Marshal of France in 1240 * Jean Guillaume de Beaumont (died 1257), Marshal of France in 1250 * Henri de Cousances (died 1268), Marshal of France in 1255 * Gauthier III, Lord of Nemours (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1257 * Henri II Clément, Lord of Le Mez and Argentan (died 1265), Marshal of France in 1262 *

Héric de Beaujeu Héric (; Gallo: ''Éri'', ) is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. Population Personalities One of its most famous citizens is Paul Tessier, father of craniofacial surgery. See also *Communes of the Loire-Atla ...

(died 1270), Marshal of France in 1265 * Renaud de Précigny (died 1270), Marshal of France in 1265 * Hugh of Mirepoix, Marshal of France in 1266 * Raoul II Sores (died 1282), Marshal of France in 1270 *

Lancelot de Saint-Maard Lancelot de Saint-Maard (died 1278) was the fourteenth marshal of France at the time of the Eighth Crusade in 1270. Eighth Crusade Lancelot followed Louis IX of France, Louis IX to Africa with five knights in that year. He distinguished himself ...

(died 1278), Marshal of France in 1270

Philip III, 1270–1285

* Ferry de Verneuil (died 1283), Marshal of France in 1272 *

Guillaume V du Bec Crespin Guillaume may refer to: People * Guillaume (given name), the French equivalent of William * Guillaume (surname), the French equivalent of Williams Places * Guillaume (crater), Moon, Earth-Moon System, Solar System * Guillaumes, Vence, Nice, Alpes ...

(died 1283), Marshal of France in 1283 *

Jean II d'Harcourt When the Viking chieftain Rollo obtained the territories via the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte which would later make up Normandy, he distributed them as estates among his main supporters. Among these lands were the seigneurie of Harcourt, near ...

, Viscount of Châtellerault, Lord of Harcourt (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1283 * Raoul V Le Flamenc (died 1287), Marshal of France in 1285

Philip IV, 1285–1314

* Jean de Varennes (died 1292), Marshal of France in 1288 *

Simon de Melun Simon de Melun (1250 – 11 July 1302 in Kortrijk) was a Marshal of France killed in the Battle of the Golden Spurs. He was a younger son of Viscount Adam II of Melun and Constance of Sancerre. From his mother, he inherited the castles of L ...

, Lord of La Loupe and of Marcheville (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1290 * Guy Ier de Clermont de Nesle (died 1302), Marshal of France in 1292 *

Foulques du Merle Foulques or Foucaud du Merle (died 1314) was a Marshal of France. He was French nobility, Seigneur of Gacé and Bellou-en-Houlme, and Baron of Le Merlerault, Briouze and Messei. Du Merle was the son of Guillaume VI du Merle and Marie de Nollent. ...

(died 1314), Marshal of France in 1302 * Miles VI de Noyers (died 1350), Marshal of France in 1302 * Jean de Corbeil, Lord of Grez (died 1318), Marshal of France in 1308

Louis X, 1314–1316

* Jean IV de Beaumont (died 1318), Marshal of France in 1315

Philip V, 1316–1322

* Mathieu de Trie (died 1344), Marshal of France in 1318 * Jean des Barres (dates unknown), Marshal of France in 1318 * Bernard VI de Moreuil, Lord of Moreuil (died 1350), Marshal of France in 1322

Charles IV, 1322–1328

* Robert-Jean Bertran de Briquebec, Baron of Briquebec, Viscount of Roncheville (1285–1348), Marshal of France in 1325

Valois

Philip VI, 1328–1350

* Anseau de Joinville (1265–1343), Marshal of France in 1339 *

Charles I de Montmorency Charles I de Montmorency (died 11 September 1381) was a 14th-century French noble. Biography Montmorency was a son of Jean I, lord of Montmorency and Jeanne de Calletot. He inherited the seigneuries of Montmorency, Val-d'Oise, Montmorency, Ec ...

, Lord of Montmorency (1325–1381), Marshal of France in 1344 *

Robert de Waurin The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of ''Hrōþ, Hruod'' () "fame, glory, honour, prais ...

, Lord of Saint-Venant (died 1360), Marshal of France in 1344 *

Guy II de Nesle Guy II de Nesle (died August 14, 1352), Lord of Mello, was a Marshal of France (1348) who was killed in the Battle of Mauron. Guy was the son of Jean I de Nesle (died 1352), Lord of Offemont and a grandson of Guy I of Clermont, who was killed in ...

, Lord of Offémont and of Mello (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1345 *

Édouard I de Beaujeu Édouard I de Beaujeu (11 April 1316 - 8 June 1351) a Marshal of France, Lord of Beaujeu and Montpensier was a 14th-century French noble. Life Born on 11 April 1316, he was a son of Guichard VI de Beaujeu and Marie de Châtillon. He succeeded his ...

, Lord of Châteauneuf (1316–1351), Marshal of France in 1347

John II 1350–1364

Arnoul d'Audrehem Arnoul d'Audrehem (c. 1305 – 1370) was a Marshal of France, who fought in the Hundred Years' War. Biography He was born at Audrehem, in the present arrondissement of Saint-Omer, in the ''département'' of Pas-de-Calais. Nothing is known of hi ...

, Lord of Audrehem (died 1370), Marshal of France in 1351 * Rogues de Hangest, Lord of Avesnecourt (died 1352), Marshal of France in 1352 *

Jean de Clermont Jean de Clermont (; died 19 September 1356), Lord of Chantilly and of Beaumont, was a Marshal of France (1352) who was killed fighting in the Hundred Years' War at the Battle of Poitiers. Jean de Clermont served under the Count of Eu in 1340 duri ...

, Lord of Chantilly and of Beaumont (died 1356), Marshal of France in 1352 * Jean I Le Maingre (1310–1367), Marshal of France in 1356

Charles V, 1364–1380

Jean IV de Mauquenchy Jean IV de Mauquenchy (died 1391), Lord of Blainville, also known as Mouton de Blainville, was a French soldier and nobleman. He was a Marshal of France during the Hundred Years' War. Biography In 1370, with Bertrand du Guesclin Bertran ...

, Lord of Blainville (died 1391), Marshal of France in 1368 *

Louis de Sancerre Louis de Sancerre (1341 or 1342 – 6 February 1402; aged 60-61) was a Marshal of France and Constable of France during the Hundred Years' War. Early life Sancerre was born as the second son of count Louis II de Sancerre and Béatrix de Ro ...

, Count of Sancerre (1342–1402), Marshal of France in 1369

Charles VI, 1380–1422

* Jean II Le Meingre (1364–1421), Marshal of France in 1391 *

Jean II de Rieux Jean II de Rieux (1342 - 1417) Breton Lord of Rieux, Rochefort and Ancenis, initially in the service of Brittany, but also eventually a Marshal of France in the service of King Charles VI. He was the great-grandfather of Jean IV de Rieux. Caree ...

, Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1342–1417), Marshal of France in 1397 * Pierre de Rieux, Lord of Rochefort and of Rieux (1389–1439), Marshal of France in 1417 *Claude de Beauvoir, Lord of Chastellux and Viscount of Avallon (1385–1453), Marshal of France in 1418 * Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam (1384–1437), Marshal of France in 1418 * Jacques de Montberon, Lord of Engoumois (died 1422), Marshal of France in 1418 *

Gilbert Motier de La Fayette Gilbert Motier de La Fayette (1380 – 22 February 1463) Seigneur of La Fayette, Pontgibaud, Ayes, Nébouzac, Château de Saint Romain, Saint-Romain and Montel-de-Gelat was a Marshal of France, namesake of and relation to Gilbert du Motier, ...

(1396–1464), Marshal of France in 1421 * Antoine de Vergy (died 1439), Marshal of France in 1422 * Jean de La Baume, Count of Montrevel-en-Bresse (died 1435), Marshal of France in 1422

Charles VII, 1422–1461

* Amaury de Séverac, Lord of Beaucaire and of Chaude-Aigues (died 1427), Marshal of France in 1424 *

Jean de Brosse Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * ...

, Baron of Boussac and of Sainte-Sévère (1375–1433), Marshal of France in 1426 *

Gilles de Rais Gilles de Rais, Pays de Retz, Baron de Rais (; also spelled "Retz"; 1405 – 26 October 1440) was a knight and lord from Duchy of Brittany, Brittany, Duchy of Anjou, Anjou and Poitou, a leader in the French army during the Hundred Years' W ...

, Lord of Ingrande and of Champtocé ( 1405 – 1440), Marshal of France in 1429 *

André de Laval-Montmorency André de Laval-Montmorency (1485), seigneur de Lohéac, was a Breton knight and a Marshal of France. He was the son of Guy XIII de Laval and Anne de Laval, and a leading member of the House of Laval. In 1423 he served in the French army agains ...

, Lord of Lohéac and of Retz (1408–1486), Marshal of France in 1439 * Philippe de Culant, Lord of Jaloignes, of La Croisette, of Saint-Armand and of Chalais (died 1454), Marshal of France in 1441 *

Jean Poton de Xaintrailles Jean Poton de Xaintrailles (; c. 1390 – 7 October 1461), a minor noble of Gascony, Gascon origin, was one of the chief lieutenants of Joan of Arc. He served as master of the royal stables, as royal bailiff in Berry (province), Berry and a ...

, Seneschal de Limousin (1390–1461), Marshal of France in 1454

Louis XI, 1461–1483

Joachim Rouhault de Gamaches Joachim Rouault (died 1478), a French soldier, was a member of an old family of Poitou. He attached himself to the Dauphin (afterwards Louis XI) and became his premier squire. He followed Louis in his expedition against the Swiss in 1444, distin ...

, Lord of Boismenard (died 1478), Marshal of France in 1461 *

Jean de Lescun Jean de Lescun d'Armagnac (died 1473?), known as "the bastard of Armagnac", was an ally of king Louis XI of France from before the latter's accession to the throne. He was the illegitimate son of Arnaud Guillaume of Lescun, Bishop of Aire, and An ...

, Count of Comminges (died 1473), Marshal of France in 1461 * Wolfart VI Van Borselleen, Lord of

Veere Veere (; ) is a municipality with a population of 22,000 and a town with a population of 1,500 in the southwestern Netherlands, in the region of Walcheren in the province of Zeeland. History The name ''Veere'' means "ferry": Wolfert Van Bors ...

Zeeland Zeeland (; ), historically known in English by the Endonym and exonym, exonym Zealand, is the westernmost and least populous province of the Netherlands. The province, located in the southwest of the country, borders North Brabant to the east ...

and Earl of Buchan in Scotland (died 1487), Marshal of France in 1464 * Pierre de Rohan de Gié, Lord of Rohan (1450–1514), Marshal of France in 1476

Charles VIII, 1483–1498

Philippe de Crèvecœur d'Esquerdes Philippe de Crèvecœur, seigneur d'Esquerdes (1418–1494), was a French military commander and a Marshal of France in 1486. He is also known as ''Maréchal des Cordes'' or ''Maréchal d'Esquerdes''. Biography He was the son of Jacques († 1436 ...

(1418–1494), Marshal of France in 1486 *

Jean de Baudricourt Jean de Baudricourt was a French Grand Officer Royal and marshal of France, a marshal of France born in AD 1435. He was the son of Robert de Baudricourt and Arlearde de Chambley. He died in Blois on 11 May 1499. Early career Jean de Baudricourt ...

, Lord of Choiseul and Bailiff of Chaumont (died 1499), Marshal of France in 1486

Valois-Orléans

Louis XII, 1498–1515

Gian Giacomo Trivulzio Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1440 or 1441 – 5 December 1518) was an Italian aristocrat and ''condottiero'' who held several military commands during the Italian Wars. Biography Trivulzio was born in Milan, where he studied, among others, wi ...

, Marquis of Vigevano (1448–1518), Marshal of France in 1499 *

Charles II d'Amboise Charles II d'Amboise, Seigneur de Chaumont (1473 – 11 March 1511) was a French nobleman, who acted as French governor of Milan (1503–1511) during the reign of Louis XII and as a French commander during the War of the League of Cambrai. ...

, Lord of Chaumont, of Meillan and of Charenton (1473–1511), Marshal of France in 1506 *

Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec (1485 – 15 August 1528) was a French military leader. As Marshal of France, he commanded the campaign to conquer Naples, but died from the bubonic plague in 1528. Biography Odet was the son of Jean de Foix ...

, Viscount of Lautrec (1485–1528), Marshal of France in 1511 *

Robert Stewart, Lord of Aubigny Robert Stewart (or Stuart) (c. 1470–1544), Duke of Aubigny, 4th Lord of Aubigny, Count of Beaumont-le-Roger, was a French soldier belonging to the family of Stewart of Darnley. Robert was the fourth son of John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox a ...

, Count of Lennox (1470–1544), Marshal of France in 1514

Valois-Angoulême

Francis I 1515–1547

* Jacques II de Chabannes, Lord of La Palice (died 1525), Marshal of France in 1515 *

Gaspard I de Coligny Gaspard may refer to: *Gaspard (name) Gaspard is a Francophone male given name or family name, and may refer to: {{tocright People Given name * Gaspard II Schetz, Lord of Grobbendonk * Gaspard Abeille (1648–1718), French poet * Gaspard André ( ...

, Lord of Châtillon-sur-Loing (died 1522), Marshal of France in 1516 *

Thomas de Foix-Lescun Thomas de Foix-Lescun (died 3 March 1525), commonly known as Lescun, was a French commander during the Italian War of 1521, and the brother of Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, André de Foix, Lord of Lesparre and Françoise de Foix. He accomp ...

(died 1525), Marshal of France in 1518 *

Anne de Montmorency Anne de Montmorency, duc de Montmorency ( – 12 November 1567) was a French noble, governor, royal favourite and Constable of France during the mid to late Italian Wars and early French Wars of Religion. He served under five French kings (Loui ...

Duke of Montmorency Duke of Montmorency was a title of French nobility that was created several times for members of the Montmorency family, who were lords of Montmorency, near Paris. History The first creation was in 1551 for Anne de Montmorency, Constable of ...

and Baron of Damville, Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise and of Dammartin, Viscount of Melun, first Baron of France and Grand Master,

Constable of France The Constable of France (, from Latin for 'count of the stables') was lieutenant to the King of France, the first of the original five Great Officers of the Crown (along with seneschal, chamberlain, butler, and chancellor) and the commander-in ...

etc. (1492–1567), Marshal of France in 1522 * Théodor Trivulce (1458–1531), Marshal of France in 1526 *

Robert III de La Marck Robert III de La Marck (1491–1537), ''Seigneur'' of Florange, Fleuranges, was a Marshal of France and historian. Self-styled "The Young Adventurer," he was one of Francis I's close companions in the last years of Louis XII's life, and remained c ...

, Duke of Bouillon, Lord of Sedan (1491–1537), Marshal of France in 1526 *

Claude d'Annebaut Claude d'Annebault (1495 – 2 November 1552) was a French military officer; Marshal of France (1538–52); Admiral of France (1543–1552); and Governor of Piedmont in 1541. He led the French invasion of the Isle of Wight in 1545. Annebault was ...

(1500–1552), Marshal of France in 1538 *

René de Montjean René (''born again'' or ''reborn'' in French) is a common first name in French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and German-speaking countries. It derives from the Latin name Renatus. René is the masculine form of the name (Renée being the feminine ...

(died 1538), Lord of Montjean, Marshal of France in 1538 * Oudard du Biez, Seigneur of Le Biez (died 1553), Marshal of France in 1542 *

Antoine de Lettes-Desprez Antoine is a French given name (from the Latin ''Antonius'' meaning 'highly praise-worthy') that is a variant of Danton, Titouan, D'Anton and Antonin. The name is most common in France, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada, West Greenland, Haiti, Frenc ...

, Lord of Montpezat (1490–1544), Marshal of France in 1544 *

Jean Caraccioli Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * Jean ...

, Prince of Melphes (1480–1550), Marshal of France in 1544

Henry II 1547–1559

* Jacques d'Albon de Saint-André, Marquis of Fronsac (died 1562), Marshal of France 1547 * Robert IV de La Marck, Duke of Bouillon and Prince of Sedan (1520–1556), Marshal of France in 1547 *

Charles de Cossé, Count of Brissac Charles de Cossé, Count of Brissac (1505 ( O.S.)/06 – 1563), was a French courtier and soldier, named ''beau Brissac'' at court and remembered as the ''Maréchal Brissac''. A member of the nobility of Anjou, he was appointed in 1540 to his fat ...

(1505–1563), Marshal of France in 1550 * Pietro Strozzi (1500–1558), Marshal of France in 1554 * Paul de La Barthe, Lord of Thermes (1482–1562), Marshal of France in 1558

Francis II 1559–1560

François de Montmorency François () is a French masculine given name and surname, equivalent to the English name Francis. People with the given name * François Amoudruz (1926–2020), French resistance fighter * François-Marie Arouet (better known as Voltaire; 1 ...

, Duke of Montmorency (1530–1579), Marshal of France in 1559

Charles IX, 1560–1574

François de Scépeaux François de Scépeaux de Vieilleville (1509 – 30 November 1571), lord of Vieilleville, 1st Count, comte of Durtal, was a French governor, diplomat, ambassador, Conseil du roi de France, conseillé du roi and marshal of France, marshal. Durin ...

, Lord of Vieilleville (1509–1571), Marshal of France in 1562 *

Imbert de La Plâtière Imbert may refer to: People *Antonio Imbert Barrera (1920–2016), Dominican military figure and politician, President of the Dominican Republic in 1965 *Barthélemy Imbert (1747-1790), French playwright, poet and novelist *Carmen Imbert Brugal (bor ...

, Lord of Bourdillon (1524–1567), Marshal of France in 1562 *

Henri I de Montmorency Henri de Montmorency, 3rd Duke of Montmorency (15 June 1534 in Chantilly, Oise – 2 April 1614), Marshal of France, and Constable of France, seigneur of Damville, served as Governor of Languedoc from 1563 to 1614. Biography Born on 15 Jun ...

, Lord of Damville, Duke of Montmorency, Count of Dammartin and Alais, Baron of Chateaubriant, Lord of Chantilly and Ecouen (1534–1614), Marshal of France in 1566 *

Artus de Cossé-Brissac Artus or Arthus is a Breton surname or name which means "bear" (cf. arth), and may refer to: * Amédée Artus (1815–1892), French conductor and composer of operettas * Alexandre Artus (1821–1911), French conductor and composer of classical music ...

, Lord of Gonnor and Count of Secondigny (1512–1582), Marshal of France in 1567 *

Gaspard de Saulx Gaspard de Saulx, sieur de Tavannes (March 1509–June 1573) was a French Roman Catholic military leader during the Italian Wars and the French Wars of Religion. He served under four kings during his career, participating in the Siege of Calais (1 ...

, Lord of Tavannes (1509–1575), Marshal of France in 1570 * Honorat II de Savoye, Marquis of Villars (1511–1580), Marshal of France in 1571 *

Albert de Gondi Albert de Gondi, duc de Retz (4 November 1522 in Florence – 1602) seigneur du Perron, comte, then marquis de Belle-Isle (1573), duc de Retz (from 1581), was a marshal of France and a member of the Gondi family. Beginning his career during t ...

, Duke of Retz (1522–1602), Marshal of France in 1573

Henry III 1574–1589

* Roger I de Saint-Lary, Lord of Bellegarde (died 1579), Marshal of France in 1574 *

Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, Seigneur de Montluc Blaise de Monluc, also known as Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Monluc, (24 July 1577) was a professional soldier whose career began in 1521 and reached the rank of marshal of France in 1574. Written between 1570 and 1576, an account ...

(1500–1577), Marshal of France in 1574 *

Louis Prévost de Sansac Louis Prėvost de Sansac, seigneur de Sansac (1496-1576) was a French military commander and governor. A favourite of François I of France, François I he fought at the Battle of Pavia and had responsibility for the education of the royal childre ...

, Baron de Sansac (1496–1576), Marshal of France *

Armand de Gontaut, Baron de Biron Armand de Gontaut, Baron of Biron (, 152426 July 1592) was a soldier, diplomat and Marshal of France. Beginning his service during the Italian Wars, Biron served in Italy under Marshal Brissac and Guise in 1557 before rising to command his own ...

(1524–1592), Marshal of France in 1577 *

Jacques II de Goyon Jacques II de Goyon seigneur de Matignon (1525-1598) was a governor and Marshal of France. Coming from a prominent Norman family, he assumed the role of Lieutenant-General of lower Normandy. In this position he came into conflict with the Protestan ...

, Lord of Matignon and of Lesparre, Count of Thorigny, Prince of Mortagne sur Gironde (1525–1597), Marshal of France in 1579 *

Jean VI d'Aumont Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * Jean ...

, Baron of Estrabonne, Count of Châteauroux (1522–1595), Marshal of France *

Guillaume de Joyeuse Guillaume de Joyeuse (1520–1592) was a French military commander during the French Wars of Religion. Originally destined for the church, he assumed the office of ''vicomte de Joyeuse'' upon the death of his elder brother in 1554. He was subseque ...

, Viscount of Joyeuse, Lord of Saint-Didier, of Laudun, of Puyvert and of Arques (1520–1592), Marshal of France in 1582

Bourbons

Henry IV 1589–1610

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, Duc de Bouillon Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (28 September 1555 – 25 March 1623), duc de Bouillon (''jure uxoris''), was a member of the powerful House of La Tour d'Auvergne, the Prince of Sedan and a marshal of France. He was a prominent Huguenot figure. Biogr ...

(1555–1623), Marshal of France in 1592 *

Charles de Gontaut, Duc de Biron Charles de Gontaut, 1st Duke of Biron (1562 – 31 July 1602) was a French noble, military commander, Admiral, Marshal and governor during the final days of the French Wars of Religion. The son of Marshal Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron who had ...

(1562–1602), Marshal of France in 1594 *

Claude de La Châtre Claude de La Chârtre, baron de Maisonfort (–) was a French aristocrat, governor and Marshal, who was active during the latter Italian Wars and the entirety of the French Wars of Religion. Originally a client of the Montmorency, he migrated int ...

(1536–1614), Marshal of France in 1594 * (1560–1603), Marshal of France in 1594 *

Charles II de Cossé Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English and French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''*karilaz'' (in Latin alphabet), whose meaning was ...

, Duke of Brissac (1562–1621), Marshal of France in 1594 * Jean III de Baumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin and Count of Nègrepelisse (1551–1614), Marshal of France in 1595 *

Henri, Duke of Joyeuse Henri, Duc de Joyeuse (Toulouse, 21 September 1563 – Rivoli, 28 September 1608) was the youngest brother of Anne de Joyeuse and François de Joyeuse. He was a General in the French Wars of Religion and a member of the Catholic League, who beca ...

(1567–1608), Marshal of France in 1595 * (1557–1629), Marshal of France in 1595 *

Alphonse d'Ornano Alphonse d'Ornano (1548 - 20/21 January 1610) was a Marshal of France, active during the French Wars of Religion. He was born in Bastelica, Corsica, the son of Sampiero Corso and Vannina d'Ornano. He died in Paris and was buried in Bordeaux. He ...

(1548–1610), Marshal of France in 1597 * (1537–1613), Marshal of France in 1597 *

François de Bonne, Duke of Lesdiguières François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières (, 1 April 1543 – 21 September 1626) was a French soldier of the French Wars of Religion and Constable of France, and one of only six Marshal of France, Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General ...

(1543–1626), Marshal of France in 1608

Louis XIII, 1610–1643

Concino Concini Concino Concini, 1st Marquis d'Ancre (23 November 1569 – 24 April 1617) was an Italian politician, best known for being a minister of Louis XIII of France, as the favourite of Louis's mother, Marie de Medici, Queen regent of France. In 1617, he ...

, Marquis of Ancre (1575–1617), Marshal of France in 1613 * Gilles de Courtenvaux, Marquis of Souvré (1540–1626), Marshal of France in 1614 * Antoine, Baron de Roquelaure (1560–1625), Marshal of France in 1614 * (died 1630), Marshal of France in 1616 * (1553–1627), Marshal of France in 1616 * , Lord of Montigny and of Séry in Bérry (1554–1617), Marshal of France in 1616 *

Nicolas de L'Hôpital Nicolas de L'Hôpital de Vitry (1581–28 September 1644) was a French noble, military leader, and friend of Louis XIII. Made Marshal of France in 1617, he was often called Maréchal de Vitry. His noble title was (later ) ; he was also . Biogra ...

, Duke of Vitry (1581–1644), Marshal of France in 1617 * (1563–1626), Marshal of France in 1619 * (1569–1632), Marshal of France in 1619 * Honoré d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes (1581–1649), Marshal of France in 1620 * (–1628), Marshal of France in 1620 * Charles de Créquy, Prince of Poix, Duke of Lesdiguières (1580–1638), Marshal of France in 1621 * Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force (1558–1652), Marshal of France in 1621 * François, Marquis of Bassompierre (1579–1646), Marshal of France in 1622 * Gaspard de Coligny, Duke of Châtillon (1584–1646), Marshal of France in 1622 *

Henri de Schomberg Henri de Schomberg, Comte de Nanteuil (1575 – 17 November 1632), was a Marshal of France during the reign of Louis XIII. Biography Schomberg was born in Paris. He served as the Superintendent of Finances from 1619 to 1623. He became a Marsh ...

(1574–1632), Marshal of France in 1625 *

Jean-Baptiste d'Ornano Jean-Baptiste d'Ornano, Marquis de (1581–1626) was a French nobleman and Marshal of France (1626). Biography He was the son of Alphonse d'Ornano and grandson of Sampiero Corso. Early in his childhood, he was prepared to come to court and was ...

(1581–1626), Marshal of France in 1626 * François Annibal, Duc d'Estrées (1573–1670), Marshal of France in 1626 * Timoléon d'Epinay de Saint-Luc (1580–1644), Marshal of France in 1627 * Louis de Marillac, Count of Beaumont-le-Roger (1572–1632), Marshal of France in 1629 * Henri II, Duke of Montmorency and of Damville, also

(1595–1632), Marshal of France in 1630 * Jean Caylar d'Anduze de Saint-Bonnet, Marquis of Toiras (1585–1636), Marshal of France in 1630 *

Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé d'Effiat Antoine is a French given name (from the Latin ''Antonius'' meaning 'highly praise-worthy') that is a variant of Danton, Titouan, D'Anton and Antonin. The name is most common in France, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada, West Greenland, Haiti, French ...

(1581–1632), Marshal of France in 1631 * Urbain de Maillé, Marquis of Brézé (1597–1650), Marshal of France in 1633 *

Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully Maximilien de Béthune Sully, 1st Prince of Sully, Marquis of Rosny and Nogent, Count of Muret and Villebon, Viscount of Meaux (13 December 156022 December 1641) was a French nobleman, soldier, statesman, and counselor of King Henry IV of France ...

(1560–1641), Marshal of France in 1634 * Charles de Schomberg, Duke of Halluin (1601–1656), Marshal of France in 1637 * Charles de La Porte, Marquis of Meilleraye (1602–1664), Marshal of France in 1639 * Antoine III, Duke of Gramont (1604–1678), Marshal of France in 1641 * Jean-Baptiste Budes, Count of Guébriant (1602–1643), Marshal of France in 1642 * Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, Duke of Cardona (1605–1657), Marshal of France in 1642 * (1583–1660), Marshal of France in 1643 *

Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne (11 September 161127 July 1675), commonly known as Turenne (), was a French general and one of only six Marshal of France, marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France. The most illus ...

(1611–1675), Marshal of France in 1643,

in 1660 * Jean, Count of Gassion, (1609–1647), Marshal of France in 1643

Louis XIV, 1643–1715

* César, Duke of Choiseul (1598–1675), Marshal of France in 1645 * Josias, Count of Rantzau (1609–1650), Marshal of France in 1645 * Nicolas de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi (1597–1685), Marshal of France in 1646 * Antoine d'Aumont de Rochebaron, Duc d'Aumont (1601–1669), Marshal of France in 1651 * Jacques d'Étampes, Marquis of la Ferté-Imbault (1590–1663), Marshal of France in 1651 * Henri, Duke of la Ferté-Senneterre (1600–1681), Marshal of France in 1651 * (1599–1658), Marshal of France in 1651 * (1603–1680), Marshal of France in 1651 * Armand Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force (1582–1672), Marshal of France in 1652 * (1606–1665), Marshal of France in 1652 *

César Phoebus d'Albret, Count of Miossens César Phoebus d'Albret, ''comte de Miossens'' (16143 September 1676), was a French soldier, a Marshal of France under Louis XIV (his distant cousin), and a court gallant. He was also a cousin of the marquise de Montespan. His faithful attachmen ...

(1614–1676), Marshal of France in 1653 * Count of Le Daugnon (1616–1659), Marshal of France in 1653 * Jean de Schulemberg, Count of Montejeu (1597–1671), Marshal of France in 1658 * Abraham de Fabert, Marquis of Esternay (1599–1662), Marshal of France in 1658 * Jacques de Mauvisière, Marquis of Castelnau (1620–1658), Marshal of France in 1658 * Bernardin Gigault, Marquis of Bellefonds (1630–1694), Marshal of France in 1668 *

François de Créquy François de Blanchefort de Créquy, later Marquis de Marines (2 October 1629 – 3 February 1687), was a 17th-century French noble and soldier, who served in the wars of Louis XIV of France. He came from a powerful and well-connected family, ...

, Marquis of Marines (1620–1687), Marshal of France in 1668 *

Louis de Crevant, Duke of Humières Louis de Crévant, duc d'Humières (1628–1694) was a French nobleman of the 17th century, who became a Marshal of France in 1668 and Grand Master of Artillery in 1685. His career allegedly benefited from connections to his maternal relative ...

(1628–1694), Marshal of France in 1668 * Godefroy d'Estrades, Count of Estrades (1607–1686), Marshal of France in 1675 * (1619–1684), Marshal of France in 1675 * Frédéric Armand, Duke of Schomberg (1616–1690), Marshal of France in 1675 * Jacques Henri de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1626–1704), Marshal of France in 1675 * François d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade (1625–1691), Marshal of France in 1675 * Louis Victor de Rochechouart, Duke of Mortemart ''le Maréchal de Vivonne'' (1636–1688), Marshal of France in 1675 * François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg (1628–1695), Marshal of France in 1675 * (1636–1676), Marshal of France in 1675 * Guy de Durfort, Duke of Lorges (1630–1702), Marshal of France in 1676 * Jean II, Count of Estrées 1624–1707), Marshal of France in 1681 *

Claude de Choiseul, Marquis of Francières Claude de Choiseul, Marquis of Francières (1 January 1632 – 15 March 1711) was count of Choiseul, marquis of Francières, seigneur d'Yroüerre, and a Marshal of France beginning in 1693. Claude de Choiseul-Francières was the son of Loui ...

(1632–1711), Marshal of France in 1693 * Jean Armand de Joyeuse, Marquis of Grandpré (1632–1710), Marshal of France in 1693 * François de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi (1644–1730), Marshal of France in 1693 * Louis François, duc de Boufflers, comte de Cagny (1644–1711), Marshal of France in 1693 * Anne-Hilarion de Costentin, Count of Tourville (1642–1701), Marshal of France in 1693 * Anne-Jules, 2nd duc de Noailles (1650–1708), Marshal of France in 1693 *

Nicolas Catinat Nicolas Catinat (, 1 September 1637 – 22 February 1712) was a French military commander and Marshal of France under Louis XIV. Life The son of a magistrate, Catinat was born in Paris on 1 September 1637. He entered the Gardes Française ...

(1637–1712), Marshal of France in 1693 *

Louis Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme Louis may refer to: People * Louis (given name), origin and several individuals with this name * Louis (surname) * Louis (singer), Serbian singer Other uses * Louis (coin), a French coin * HMS ''Louis'', two ships of the Royal Navy See also * ...

(1654–1712), Marshal of France in 1695 * Claude Louis Hector, Duke of Villars (1653–1734), Marshal of France in 1702,

in 1733 * Noël Bouton, Marquis of Chamilly (1636–1715), Marshal of France in 1703 * Victor Marie, Duc d'Estrées (1660–1737), Marshal of France in 1703 * François Louis Rousselet, Marquis of Château-Renault (1637–1716), Marshal of France in 1703 *

Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban (May 163330 March 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban (), was a French Royal Army officer and engineer who served under Louis XIV. He is generally considered the greatest military engineer of his time ...

(1633–1707), Marshal of France in 1703 * Conrad, Marquis of Rosen (1628–1715), Marshal of France in 1703 * Nicolas Chalon du Blé, Marquis of Huxelles (1652–1730), Marshal of France in 1703 *

René de Froulay, Count of Tessé René de Froulay, Count of Tessé (14 May 1648 – 30 March 1725) was a French soldier and diplomat during the reign of Louis XIV and the 1715–1723 Regency. Early life René de Froulay, Count of Tessé was born at the family home of the Ch ...

(1651–1725), Marshal of France in 1703 *

Camille d'Hostun, duc de Tallard Camille d'Hostun de la Baume, duc de Tallard (14 February 1652 – 20 March 1728) was a French nobleman, diplomat and military commander, who became a Marshal of France. Military career Tallard was granted a commission in the French army at the ...

(1652–1728), Marshal of France in 1703 * Nicolas Auguste de La Baume, Marquis of Montrevel (1636–1716), Marshal of France in 1703 * Henry, duc d'Harcourt (1654–1718), Marshal of France in 1703 * Ferdinand, Count of Marsin (1656–1706), Marshal of France in 1703 * , Duke of Massa (1674–1715), Marshal of France in 1703 *

James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick (21 August 1670 – 12 June 1734) was a French Royal Army officer and nobleman who was the eldest illegitimate son of James II of England by Arabella Churchill (royal mistress), Arabella Churchill, the ...

(1670–1734), Marshal of France in 1706 * Charles Auguste Goyon, Count of Matignon (1647–1729), Marshal of France in 1708 * Jacques de Bazin, Marquis of Bezons (1645–1733), Marshal of France in 1709 * Pierre de Montesquiou, Count of Artagnan (1645–1725), Marshal of France in 1709 ''N.B.: not the famous

D'Artagnan Charles de Batz de Castelmore (), also known as d'Artagnan and later Count d'Artagnan ( 1611 – 25 June 1673), was a French Musketeer who served Louis XIV as captain of the Musketeers of the Guard. He died at the siege of Maastricht in the Fr ...

, but a relative''

Louis XV, 1715–1774

Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie (12 March 16474 August 1727) was a French Royal Army officer. Victor-Maurice de Broglie was born in the De Broglie house, a noble family originally from Piedmont. He was the son of François-Marie, comte de ...

(1646–1727), Marshal of France in 1724 * Antoine Gaston Jean Baptiste, Duke of Roquelaure (1656–1738), Marshal of France in 1724 * Jacques Rouxel, Count of Grancey and of Médavy (1655–1725), Marshal of France in 1724 * Éléonor du Maine, Count of Le Bourg (1655–1739), Marshal of France in 1724 * Yves, marquis d'Alègre (1653–1733), Marshal of France in 1724 * Louis d'Aubusson, Duke of la Feuillade (1673–1725), Marshal of France in 1724 * Antoine V, Duke of Gramont (1671–1725), Marshal of France in 1724 * Alain Emmanuel, Marquis of Coëtlogon (1646–1730), Marshal of France in 1730 * Charles de Gontaut, Duke of Biron (1663–1756), Marshal of France in 1734 * (1665–1743), Marshal of France in 1734 * Claude Bidal, Marquis of Asfeld (1665–1743), Marshal of France in 1734 *

Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles Adrien Maurice de Noailles, 3rd Duke of Noailles (29 September 167824 June 1766) was a French nobleman and soldier. Biography Son of Anne Jules de Noailles, he inherited the title duc de Noailles on his father's death in 1708. He fought in ...

(1678–1766), Marshal of France in 1734 * Christian Louis de Montmorency-Luxembourg, Prince de Tingry (1713–1787), Marshal of France in 1734 * François Marie II, Duke of Broglie (1671–1745), Marshal of France in 1734 * François de Franquetot, Duke of Coigny (1670–1759), Marshal of France in 1734 * (1669–1734), Marshal of France in 1734 * Louis de Brancas de Forcalquier, Marquis of Céreste (1671–1750), Marshal of France in 1740 * Louis Auguste d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes (1676–1744), Marshal of France in 1741 * (1682–1742), Marshal of France in 1741 * (1678–1762), Marshal of France in 1741 * Jean-Baptiste de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1684–1778), Marshal of France in 1741 * Jean-Baptiste Desmarets, Marquis of Maillebois (1682–1762), Marshal of France in 1741 * Charles Fouquet, Duke of Belle-Isle, called ''the Marshal of Belle-Isle'' (1684–1762), Marshal of France in 1741 *

Maurice, comte de Saxe Maurice, Count of Saxony (, ; 28 October 1696 – 20 November 1750) was a notable soldier, officer and a famed military commander of the 18th century. The illegitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania ...

(1696–1750), Marshal of France in 1741,

in 1747 * Jean-Baptiste Andrault, Marquis of Maulévrier (1677–1754), Marshal of France in 1745 * Claude Testu, Marquis of Balincourt (1680–1770), Marshal of France in 1746 * Philippe Charles, Marquis of la Fare (1687–1752), Marshal of France in 1746 * François, duc d'Harcourt (1689–1750), Marshal of France in 1746 * Guy, Count of Montmorency-Laval (1677–1751), Marshal of France in 1747 * Gaspard, Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre 1688–1781, Marshal of France in 1747 * (1687–1755), Marshal of France in 1747 * Ulrich, Count of Löwendahl (1700–1755), Marshal of France in 1747 *

Louis François Armand du Plessis, duc de Richelieu Louis may refer to: People * Louis (given name), origin and several individuals with this name * Louis (surname) * Louis (singer), Serbian singer Other uses * Louis (coin), a French coin * HMS ''Louis'', two ships of the Royal Navy See also * ...

(1696–1788), Marshal of France in 1748 * (1684–1764), Marshal of France in 1757 *

Louis Antoine de Gontaut Louis Antoine de Gontaut, 6th Duke of Biron (1700–1788) was Duke of Biron and a French military leader who served with distinction under Louis XV, and was made a Marshal of France in 1757. He was the fourth son of Charles-Armand de Gontaut ...

(1701–1788), Count (afterwards Duke) of Biron, Marshal of France in 1757 * (1686–1762), Marshal of France in 1757 * Charles François Frédéric de Montmorency, Duke of Piney-Luxembourg (1702–1764), Marshal of France in 1757 * Louis Le Tellier, Duc d'Estrées (1695–1771), Marshal of France in 1757 * Jean Charles de la Ferté, Marquis of La Ferté Senneterre (1685–1770), Marshal of France in 1757 * Charles O'Brien de Thomond, Count of Thomond and of Clare (1699–1761), Marshal of France in 1757 *

Gaston Pierre de Lévis Gaston-Pierre-Charles de Lévis-Lomagne, duc de Mirepoix (1699–1757), maréchal de France (1757) and Ambassador of Louis XV, was a French aristocrat. His family was established in Languedoc as Seigneurs of Mirepoix, Ariège since the 11th cent ...

, Duke of Mirepoix (1699–1758), Marshal of France in 1757 *

Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny () (August 3, 1689 in Eperjes, Sáros County, Kingdom of Hungary (today Prešov, Slovakia) – January 9, 1778 in Luzancy, Kingdom of France (today France) was a Hungarian-born soldier who became Marshal of France. L ...

(1689–1778), Marshal of France in 1758 * Hubert de Brienne, Count of Conflans (1690–1777), Marshal of France in 1758 * Louis Georges, Marquis of Contades (1704–1793), Marshal of France in 1758 *

Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise Charles de Rohan, 4th Prince of Soubise (16 July 17151 July 1787), Duke of Rohan-Rohan was a French aristocrat, soldier, and minister to kings Louis XV and Louis XVI. He was the last male of his branch of the House of Rohan, and was great-grandf ...

(1715–1787), Marshal of France in 1758 * Victor François, Duke de Broglie (1718–1804), Marshal of France in 1759 * Guy Michel de Durfort de Lorge, Duke of Randan (1704–1773), Marshal of France in 1768 * Louis de Brienne de Conflans, Marquis of Armentières (1711–1774), Marshal of France in 1768 * Jean de Cossé, Duke of Brissac (1698–1780), Marshal of France in 1768

Louis XVI, 1774–1792

* Anne Pierre, Duke of Harcourt (1701–1783), Marshal of France in 1775 *

Louis, 4th duc de Noailles Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles (21 April 1713 in Palace of Versailles, Versailles22 August 1793 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye) was a Peerage of France, French peer and Marshal of France. Early life He was the son of Françoise Charlotte d'A ...

(1713–1793), Marshal of France in 1775 * Antoine, Count of Nicolaï (1712–1787), Marshal of France in 1775 * Charles, Duke of Fitz-James (1712–1787), Marshal of France in 1775 * Philippe, Duke of Mouchy (1715–1794), Marshal of France in 1775 * Emmanuel de Durfort, Duke of Duras (1715–1789), Marshal of France in 1775 * Louis Nicolas, Duc du Muy (1702–1775), Marshal of France in 1775 * Claude, Count of Saint-Germain (1707–1778), Marshal of France in 1775 * Guy de Montmorency, Duke of Laval (1723–1798), Marshal of France in 1783 * Augustin, Count of Mailly (1708–1794), Marshal of France in 1783 * Henri Bouchard de Lussan, Marquis of Aubeterre (1714–1788), Marshal of France in 1783 * Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau-Craon (1720–1793), Marshal of France in 1783 * Noël Jourda, Count of Vaux (1705–1788), Marshal of France in 1783 *

Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur Philippe Henri, Marquis de Ségur (20 January 1724 – 3 October 1801) was a nobleman, Marshal of France and Secretary of State for War under King Louis XV and later King Louis XVI. He was a grandson of Philippe, Duc d'Orléans, Biography Born i ...

(1724–1801), Marshal of France in 1783 * Jacques de Choiseul-Stainville, Count of Choiseul (1727–1789), Marshal of France in 1783 * Charles de La Croix, Marquis of Castries (1727–1801), Marshal of France in 1783 * Emmanuel de Croÿ-Solre, Duke of Croÿ (1718–1784), Marshal of France in 1783 *

François Gaston de Lévis, Duc de Lévis François () is a French masculine given name and surname, equivalent to the English name Francis. People with the given name * François Amoudruz (1926–2020), French resistance fighter * François-Marie Arouet (better known as Voltaire; 1 ...

(1719–1787), Marshal of France in 1783 *

Nicolas Luckner Nicolas, Count Luckner (; 12 January 1722, Cham – 4 January 1794, Paris) was a German officer in French service who rose to become a Marshal of France. Luckner grew up in Kötzting, in eastern Bavaria and received his early education from t ...

, Comte Luckner (1722–1794), Marshal of France since in 1791 *

Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807) was a French Royal Army officer who played a critical role in the Franco-American victory at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolutionary Wa ...

(1725–1807), Marshal of France in 1791

First Empire

Napoleon I, 1804–1814, 1815

Throughout his reign, Napoleon created a total of twenty-six Marshals of the Empire: Marechal Ney

Louis-Alexandre Berthier Louis-Alexandre Berthier, prince de Neuchâtel et Valangin, prince de Wagram (; 20 November 1753 – 1 June 1815) was a French military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was twice Minister of Wa ...

, Prince of Neuchâtel and of Wagram, Duke of Valangin (1753–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Joachim Murat Joachim Murat ( , also ; ; ; 25 March 1767 – 13 October 1815) was a French Army officer and statesman who served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Under the French Empire he received the military titles of Marshal of the ...

, Prince of the Empire, Grand Duke of Berg,

King of Naples The following is a list of rulers of the Kingdom of Naples, from its first Sicilian Vespers, separation from the Kingdom of Sicily to its merger with the same into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Kingdom of Naples (1282–1501) House of Anjou ...

(1767–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey (or Jannot de Moncey), 1st duc de Conegliano (31 July 1754 – 20 April 1842) was a French military officer and a prominent commander in the French Revolutionary Wars and later a Marshal of the Empire during the Napo ...

, Duke of Conégliano (1754–1842), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Jean-Baptiste Jourdan Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, 1st Count Jourdan (; 29 April 1762 – 23 November 1833), was a French military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of the Empire by Emperor Napoleon I i ...

, Count of the Empire (1762–1833), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

André Masséna André Masséna, prince d'Essling, duc de Rivoli (; born Andrea Massena; 6 May 1758 – 4 April 1817), was a French military commander of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was one of the original eighteen Marshal of the ...

, Duke of Rivoli,

Prince of Essling Prince of Essling () is a French nobility, hereditary title in the Nobility of the First French Empire. It was granted by Emperor Napoleon bonaparte, Napoleon I to Marshal of the Empire André Masséna in 1809 as a victory title after the Battl ...

(1758–1817), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Pierre Augereau Charles Pierre François Augereau, duc de Castiglione (; 21 October 1757 – 12 June 1816) was a French military commander and a Marshal of the Empire who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. After serving in the ...

, Duke of Castiglione (1757–1816), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Charles XIV John (; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden and King of Norway, Norway from 1818 until his death in 1844 and the first monarch of the Bernadotte dynasty. In Norway, he is known as Charles III John () and before he be ...

(1763–1844),

Prince of Pontecorvo The Principality of Pontecorvo was a principality in Italy created by Napoleon after he became King of Italy in 1805. It consisted of the Italian commune of Pontecorvo, an exclave of the Papal States from 1463 within the territory of the Kingd ...

, King of Sweden and Norway under the name Charles XIV John (1818–1844), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune Guillaume Brune, 1st Count Brune (, 13 March 1764 – 2 August 1815) was a French military commander, Marshal of the Empire, and political figure who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Early life Brune was b ...

, Count of the Empire (1763–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 *

Jean-de-Dieu Soult Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duke of Dalmatia (; 29 March 1769 – 26 November 1851) was a French general and statesman. He was a Marshal of the Empire during the Napoleonic Wars, and served three times as President of the Council of ...

, Duke of Dalmatie (1769–1851), Marshal of the Empire in 1804,

in 1847 * Jean Lannes, Duc de Montebello, Duke of Montebello (1769–1809), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 * Édouard Mortier, Duke of Treviso, Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise (1768–1835), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 * Michel Ney, Prince de la Moskowa, Duke of Elchingen, Prince of the Moskva (1769–1815), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 * Louis-Nicolas Davout, Duke of Auerstädt, Prince of Eckmühl (1770–1823), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 * Jean-Baptiste Bessières, duc d'Istrie, Jean-Baptiste Bessières, Duke of Istria (1768–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 * François Christophe de Kellermann, Duke of Valmy (1737–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) * François Joseph Lefebvre, duc de Dantzig, François Joseph Lefebvre, Duke of Danzig (1755–1820), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) * Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon, Marquis of Grenade (1754–1818), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) * Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier, Count of the Empire (1742–1819), Marshal of the Empire in 1804 (honorary) * Claude-Victor Perrin, Claude Victor-Perrin, Duke of Belluno (1764–1841), Marshal of the Empire in 1807 * Étienne Macdonald, duc de Tarente, Jacques MacDonald, Duke of Tarento (1765–1840), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 * Nicolas Oudinot, Duke of Reggio (1767–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 * Auguste de Marmont, Duke of Ragusa (1774–1852), Marshal of the Empire in 1809 * Louis-Gabriel Suchet, duc d'Albuféra, Louis-Gabriel Suchet, Duke of Albufera (1770–1826), Marshal of the Empire in 1811 * Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, Marquis of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (1764–1830), Marshal of the Empire in 1812 * Józef Poniatowski, Polish Prince Poniatowski (1763–1813), Marshal of the Empire in 1813 * Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy, Emmanuel de Grouchy, Marquis of Grouchy (1766–1847), Marshal of the Empire in 1815 The names of nineteen of these have been given to successive stretches of boulevards encircling Paris, which has thus been nicknamed the ''Boulevards des Maréchaux'' (Boulevards of the Marshals). Another three Marshals have been honored with a street elsewhere in the city. The four Marshals banned from memory are: Bernadotte and Marmont, considered as traitors; Pérignon, stricken off the list by Napoleon in 1815; and Grouchy, regarded as responsible for the defeat at Waterloo.

Restoration

Louis XVIII, 1815–1824

* Georges Cadoudal (1771–1804), Marshal of France in 1814 (''posthumous'') * Jean Victor Marie Moreau (1763–1813), Marshal of France in 1814 (''posthumous'') * François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny, Duke of Coigny (1737–1821), Marshal of France in 1816 * Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, Duke of Feltre (1765–1818), Marshal of France in 1816 * Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville, Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Marquis of Beurnonville (1752–1821), Marshal of France in 1816 * Charles du Houx, Marquis of Vioménil, Charles Joseph Hyacinthe du Houx de Viomesnil, Marquis of Viomesnil (1734–1827), Marshal of France in 1816 * Jacques Lauriston, Jacques Alexandre Law, Marquis of Lauriston (1768–1828), Marshal of France in 1823 * Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor, Count Molitor (1770–1849), Marshal of France in 1823

Charles X, 1824–1830

* Louis Aloysius, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein, Louis Aloy de Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein, Prince of Hohnlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein (1765–1829), Marshal of France in 1827 * Nicolas Joseph Maison, Marquis Maison (1771–1840), Marshal of France in 1829 * Louis-Auguste-Victor, Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont, Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne de Bourmont, Count of Bourmont (1773–1846), Marshal of France in 1830

July Monarchy

Louis-Philippe 1830–1848

* Étienne Maurice Gérard, Count Gérard (1773–1852), Marshal of France in 1830 * Bertrand Clauzel, Count Clauzel (1772–1842), Marshal of France in 1831 * Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy, Emmanuel de Grouchy, Marquis of Grouchy (1766–1847), Marshal of France in 1831 * Georges Mouton, Count Lobau (1770–1838), Marshal of France in 1831 * Sylvain Charles Valée, Count Valée (1773–1846), Marshal of France in 1837 * Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta, Horace Sébastiani, Count Sébastiani (1772–1851), Marshal of France in 1840 * Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Count d'Erlon (1765–1844), Marshal of France in 1843 * Thomas Robert Bugeaud, Duke of Isly, (1784–1849), Marshal of France in 1843 * Honoré Charles Reille, Count Reille (1775–1860), Marshal of France in 1847 * Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie, Viscount de la Brunerie (1775–1851), Marshal of France in 1847

Second Republic

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, 1848–1852

* Jérôme Bonaparte, former King of Westphalia (1784–1860), Marshal of France in 1850 * Rémy Joseph Isidore Exelmans, Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans, Count Exelmans (1775–1852), Marshal of France in 1851 * Jean Isidore Harispe, Count Harispe (1768–1855), Marshal of France in 1851 * Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant, Count Vaillant (1790–1872), Marshal of France in 1851 * Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (1798–1854), Marshal of France in 1852 * Bernard Pierre Magnan (1791–1865), Marshal of France in 1852 * Boniface de Castellane, Marquis of Castellane (1788–1862), Marshal of France in 1852

Second Empire

Napoleon III, 1852–1870

* Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers, Count Baraguey d'Hilliers (1795–1878), Marshal of France in 1854 * Aimable Pélissier, Duke of Malakoff (1794–1864), Marshal of France in 1855 * Jacques Louis Randon, Count Randon (1795–1871), Marshal of France in 1856 * François Certain de Canrobert (1809–1895), Marshal of France in 1856 * Pierre Bosquet (1810–1861), Marshal of France in 1856 * Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta (1809–1893), Marshal of France in 1859 * Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély (1794–1870), Marshal of France in 1859 * Adolphe Niel (1802–1869), Marshal of France in 1859 * Philippe Antoine d'Ornano, Count of Ornano (1784–1863), Marshal of France in 1861 * Élie Frédéric Forey (1804–1872), Marshal of France in 1863 * François Achille Bazaine (1811–1888), Marshal of France in 1864 * Edmond Le Bœuf (1809–1888), Marshal of France in 1870

Third Republic

Raymond Poincaré, 1913–1920

* Joseph Joffre (1852–1931), Marshal of France in 1916 * Ferdinand Foch (1851–1929), Marshal of France in 1918 *

(1856–1951), Marshal of France in 1918

Alexandre Millerand, 1920–1924

* Joseph Gallieni (1849–1916), Marshal of France in 1921 (''posthumous'') * Hubert Lyautey (1854–1934), Marshal of France in 1921 * Louis Franchet d'Espèrey (1856–1942), Marshal of France in 1921 * Émile Fayolle, Marie Émile Fayolle (1852–1928), Marshal of France in 1921 * Michel-Joseph Maunoury (1847–1923), Marshal of France in 1923 (''posthumous'')

Fourth Republic

Vincent Auriol, 1947–1954

* Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889–1952), Marshal of France in 1952 (''posthumous'') * Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1902–1947), Marshal of France in 1952 (''posthumous'') *

(1888–1967), Marshal of France in 1952

Fifth Republic

François Mitterrand, 1981–1995

(1898–1970), Marshal of France in 1984 (''posthumous'')

Refused

This distinction was refused by: * Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, Eugène Cavaignac (1802–1857), head of the Cabinet of General Cavaignac, Government of the Second Republic, in 1848 * Louis-Jules Trochu (1815–1896), head of the Government of National Defense, in 1871 * Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), president of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, in 1946.

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marshals of France Marshals of France, Lists of field marshals, France Lists of French military personnel Military ranks of France