Mars Aircraft

A Mars aircraft is a vehicle capable of sustaining powered flight in the atmosphere of Mars. So far, the Mars helicopter ''Ingenuity'' is the only aircraft ever to fly on Mars, completing 72 successful flights covering in 2 hours, 8 minutes and 48 seconds of flight time. ''Ingenuity'' operated on Mars for sols ( total days; '), until it was retired following rotor blade damage.

It made the first powered flight on 19 April 2021, taking off from the surface. Previously, the experimental aircraft, NASA Mini-Sniffer, was considered for possible missions to fly in and study Mars' atmosphere, but that idea was abandoned. Aircraft may provide on site measurements of the atmosphere of Mars, as well as additional observations over extended areas. A long-term goal is to develop piloted Mars aircraft.

Compared to Earth, the air on Mars is much thinner at the surface, with pressure less than 1% of Earth's at sea level, requiring a more efficient method to achieve lift. Offsetting that disadvantage, Mars air, mostly consisting of carbon dioxide (), is denser per unit of volume than Earth air, and gravity on Mars is less than 40% of Earth's.

History

In 1918, the Danish science fiction film ''Himmelskibet'' (aka A Trip to Mars) featured an aerospace craft called ''Excelsior'' for a crewed trip to Mars.

Before the start of Mars exploration with spacecraft, the density of Mars' atmosphere was suspected to be higher than was later measured to be, leading engineers to think that winged flight would be much easier than it actually is. In his " Mars Project" ("Das Marsprojekt") concept, Wernher von Braun proposed winged vehicles for landing human missions on Mars.

The first detailed Mars lander contracted by NASA was to Ford/Philco Aeronutronic in the early 1960s, which was for a lifting body design for the lander; this is when some of best estimates for the Mars atmosphere were significantly denser than revealed by the Mariner IV measurements in July 1965. The lander had a tub-shaped lifting body with winglets, and was one of the first detailed designs for Mars lander although it would not be able to fly in the revised figures for the Mars atmospheric conditions. The Aeronutronic Mars lifting-body lander design was based on Mars atmosphere of mostly nitrogen about 10% of Earth.

July 1965 marked a shift away from lifting body and winged glider style Mars landers to ballistic entry gumdrop style landers.

In the 1970s the Mini-Sniffer aircraft were made in several versions so it could also operate in an all- environment. The Mini-Sniffer could run without oxygen by using hydrazine, and the design was considered for sampling the atmosphere of Mars. The airplane had a large propeller to be effective in the thin air and many flights of various configurations were made between 1975 and 1982.

A winged rover design was proposed in the 1970s, to cover more area than the stationary ''Viking'' landers. There was a proposal by NASA in the 1990s for a Mars airplane to fly on Mars by the anniversary of the Wright Brothers's first flight, in the "Faster, Better, Cheaper" era. The ARES Mars airplane proposal was selected as a Mars Scout Program candidate, but not selected for flight.

In 2015, a Mars aircraft was considered as an option in the re-boot of the Japanese MELOS mission. One early design proposed a wing-span of 1.2m, a mass of 2.1 kg, and with the following mission profile: During the landing phase of the surface element of MELOS, the aircraft would be released at an altitude of 5 km then fly 4 minutes, covering 25 horizontal km.

On April 19, 2021, the NASA helicopter ''Ingenuity'' became the first powered and controlled Mars aircraft to take flight. It originally landed on the planet while stored under the NASA Mars rover ''Perseverance''.

Airplanes

Prototype Mars planes have flown at close to altitude on Earth (in roughly twice of the average air pressure at Mars' surface), and tested expandable wings that cure in ultraviolet light. For flight in Mars' atmosphere, the Reynolds number would be very low compared to flight in Earth's atmosphere. Valles Marineris was targeted for an uncrewed aircraft flight and by Mars' gliders.

Gliders could carry more scientific instrumentation, but cover less area. Hydrazine has been proposed as a fuel for Mars aircraft. At one point, NASA was developing plans for a wok-sized airplane "micromission", which would piggyback on a separate Mars bound payload. Mach 1 on Mars can be about while it is about on Earth.

The Daedalus proposal in the canceled Mars Scout program designed a Mars glider that would fly over along the Coprates Chasma

Proposed Mars airplane concepts include:
*ARES ( Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey)Ares Mars Airplan
website

*MAGE (Mars Airborne Geophysical Explorer)
*AME (Airplane for Mars Exploration)
*MATADOR (Mars Advanced Technology Airplane for Deployment, Operations and Recovery)
*Sky-Sailor, solar powered airplane with micro-robots
*Kitty Hawk, multi-glider missionJohn F. McGowan, Ph.D. – Wings on Mars (December 3, 1999)
/ref>
*Daedalus, glider with 400+ km range (Mars Scout 2011 proposal)
*ARMaDA, "Advanced Reconnaissance Martian Deployable Aircraft"Euroavia students design Martian aerial vehicle (ESA)
/ref>
*MAREA, "Martial Aerial Research Euroavia Airplane"
*Prandtl-M (Preliminary Research Aerodynamic Design to Land on Mars)
* NASA Mini-Sniffer, considered for sampling the atmosphere of Mars, tested running on hydrazine (air independent).
* Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer (MAGGIE) - Solar UAV plane with VTOL capabilities to land and recharge.

Balloons

Balloons may provide an alternative to parachutes, allowing for a soft landing.NASA – Mars Balloons
/ref> A balloon could allow a lander to take off and land at a new site. Two types of balloon technology are super-pressure and Montgolfiere. The super-pressure balloons try to contain the pressure caused by heating to maintain altitude.

The Montgolfiere would use heated Martian air to create lift. An example of concept for Mars balloon was the Mars Geoscience Aerobot. Some work has been done to develop extremely thin, flexible solar cells that could allow a balloon's skin itself to generate power from the Sun.

Airships with vacuum used to create lift have also been proposed.

Rotorcraft

In 2002 a paper was published suggesting autonomous robotic helicopters for Mars exploration would be possible for the Mars Scout Program. A number of advantages of a viable rotorcraft design were noted, including the ability to pass over difficult Mars terrain yet still visit multiple sites ''in situ''. The short hop made by Lunar Surveyor 6 in 1967 was noted as example of hopping to visit another site.

''Ingenuity'', part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission, is a defunct robotic helicopter that was deployed from the ''Perseverance'' rover and demonstrated the first rotorcraft flight in the atmosphere of Mars. NASA will be able to build on the design for future Mars missions.

India's ISRO, as a part of its Mangalyaan project aims to send a rotorcraft named ''MARBLE'' or ''Martian Boundary Layer Explorer''. It is presently in the Conceptual stage of design.

Other aircraft and airborne devices

*Hypersonic gliders were proposed by Wernher von Braun.
*Various parachutes have been the main air-borne device
*Rocket-sustained flight as in the case of retro-rockets have also been a part of landing systems
*Aeroshells from various spacecraft
*A rocket powered hopper (e.g. Mars Geyser Hopper)
*Entomopter
*The SkyCrane landing system used to land heavier Mars rovers such as Curiosity and Perseverance is capable of a very brief flight while landing either rover.

Virtual

The ''Mars Express'' High Resolution Stereo Camera and the ''Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter''s HiRISE camera can both provide virtual Mars flyovers by draping surface pictures over 3D terrain models.

See also

* Aerobot
* Aerobraking
* ''Dragonfly'', a planned rotorcraft for Saturn's moon Titan
* List of missions to Mars
* Mars atmospheric entry
* Mars Piloted Orbital Station
* Solar-powered aircraft
* Vega program balloons, 1985, floated in the Venusian cloud system

References

External links

NASA – Planetary Flight Vehicle





Flight System Options for a Long-Duration Mars Airplane
(.pdf)
Ames tests Mars airplane prototype (August 2001)What’s the Best Design for a Flying Mars Robot? (Universe Today)
(Candor Chasma)

{{Mars spacecraft

Proposed spacecraft
Exploration of Mars
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