
Mark Hopkins (February 4, 1802 – June 17, 1887) was an American educator and Congregationalist theologian, president of
Williams College
Williams College is a private liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts. It was established as a men's college in 1793 with funds from the estate of Ephraim Williams, a colonist from the Province of Massachusetts Bay who was kille ...
from 1836 to 1872. An epigram — widely attributed to President
James A. Garfield, a student of Hopkins — defined an ideal college as "Mark Hopkins on one end of a log and a student on the other".
[''American Authors 1600–1900'', p. 384.]
Life and career
Great-nephew of the theologian
Samuel Hopkins, Mark Hopkins was born in
Stockbridge, Massachusetts
Stockbridge is a town in Berkshire County in Western Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,018 at the 2020 census. A year-round resort area, Stockbridge is ...
. He graduated in 1824 from
Williams College
Williams College is a private liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts. It was established as a men's college in 1793 with funds from the estate of Ephraim Williams, a colonist from the Province of Massachusetts Bay who was kille ...
, where he was a tutor in 1825–1827, and where in 1830, after having graduated in the previous year from the
Berkshire Medical College
Berkshire Medical College (originally the Berkshire Medical Institution, and sometimes referred to as Berkshire Medical College) was a medical school in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. It is notable for establishing the first professorship in mental ...
at
Pittsfield, he became professor of Moral Philosophy and Rhetoric. In 1833 he was licensed to preach in
Congregational
Congregational churches (also Congregationalist churches or Congregationalism) are Protestant churches in the Calvinist tradition practising congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs it ...
churches. He was president of
Williams College
Williams College is a private liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts. It was established as a men's college in 1793 with funds from the estate of Ephraim Williams, a colonist from the Province of Massachusetts Bay who was kille ...
from 1836 until 1872. He was one of the ablest and most successful of the old type of college president.
He married Mary Hubbell in 1832 and together they parented ten children.
His volume of lectures on ''Evidences of Christianity'' (1846)
[ was delivered as a series of lectures at the Lowell Institute in January 1844. The book became a favorite textbook][ in American ]Christian apologetics
Christian apologetics ( grc, ἀπολογία, "verbal defense, speech in defense") is a branch of Christian theology that defends Christianity.
Christian apologetics has taken many forms over the centuries, starting with Paul the Apostle in t ...
being reprinted in many editions up until 1909. Although not trained as a lawyer Hopkins held a lifelong interest in the law and aspects of his argument in Evidences of Christianity reflects legal metaphors and language about the veracity of eyewitness testimony
Eyewitness testimony is the account a bystander or victim gives in the courtroom, describing what that person observed that occurred during the specific incident under investigation. Ideally this recollection of events is detailed; however, this is ...
to the events in the life of Jesus Christ. Much of his apologetic arguments though were a restatement of views that had been previously presented by earlier apologists such as William Paley
William Paley (July 174325 May 1805) was an English clergyman, Christian apologist, philosopher, and utilitarian. He is best known for his natural theology exposition of the teleological argument for the existence of God in his work ''Natur ...
and Thomas Hartwell Horne.
Of his other writings, the chief were ''Lectures on Moral Science'' (1862), ''The Law of Love and Love as a Law'' (1869), ''An Outline Study of Man'' (1873), ''The Scriptural Idea of Man'' (1883), and ''Teachings and Counsels'' (1884). Dr Hopkins took a lifelong interest in Christian missions, and from 1857 until his death was president of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) was among the first American Christian missionary organizations. It was created in 1810 by recent graduates of Williams College. In the 19th century it was the largest and most imp ...
[ (the foreign missions board for American Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and other Reformed Protestant churches.). He died at Williamstown, on 17 June 1887.
]
Reputation
President James Garfield had attended Williams College in the 1850s. At an 1871 dinner of Williams alumni, Garfield paid tribute to Hopkins, defining an ideal college as Hopkins and a student together in a log cabin. The epigram became more widely known in the pithier form retold by John James Ingalls, in which a log was substituted for the log cabin. In the later judgment of university historian Frederick Rudolph, "no one can properly address himself to the question of higher education in the United States without paying homage in some way to the aphorism of the log and to Mark Hopkins". In his 1903 essay " The Talented Tenth," W. E. B. Du Bois
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American-Ghanaian sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in ...
opined, "There was a time when the American people believed pretty devoutly that a log of wood with a boy at one end and Mark Hopkins at the other, represented the highest ideal of human training. But in these eager days it would seem that we have changed all that and think it necessary to add a couple of saw-mills and a hammer to this outfit, and, at a pinch, to dispense with the services of Mark Hopkins." In 1915 Hopkins was elected into the American Hall of Fame
The Hall of Fame for Great Americans is an outdoor sculpture gallery located on the grounds of Bronx Community College (BCC) in the Bronx, New York City. It is the first such hall of fame in the United States. Built in 1901 as part of the Univ ...
.
Family
His son, Henry Hopkins (1837–1908), was also a president of Williams College. Mark Hopkins's brother, Albert Hopkins (1807–1872), was long associated with him at Williams College, where he graduated in 1826 and was successively a tutor (1827–1829), professor of mathematics and natural philosophy (1829–1838), professor of natural philosophy and astronomy (1838–1868) and professor of astronomy (1868–1872). In 1835 he organized and conducted a natural history expedition to Joggins, Nova Scotia
Joggins is a rural community located in western Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, Canada. On July 7, 2008 a 15-km length of the coast constituting the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List.p39
Other organisms ...
, said to have been the first expedition of the kind sent out from any American college, and in 1837, at his suggestion and under his direction, an astronomical observatory was built at Williams College, said to have been the first in the United States built at a college exclusively for the purposes of instruction.[
]
Works
An address, delivered in South Hadley, Mass., July 30, 1840, at the third anniversary of the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary'', Northampton: Printed by J. Metcalf, 1840.
* ''Lectures on the evidence of Christianity before the Lowell Institute, January 1844'', Boston: Published by T.R. Marvin, 1846.
** Revised ed. published as ''Evidence of Christianity. Lectures before the Lowell Institute, revised as a textbook, with a supplementary chapter considering some attacks on the critical school, the corroborative evidence of recently discovered manuscripts, etc., and the testimony of Jesus on his trial'', Boston: T.R. Marvin & Son, 1887.
* ''Miscellaneous essays and discourses'', Boston: T.R. Marvin, 1847
* ''A discourse commemorative of Amos Lawrence: delivered by request of the students, in the chapel of Williams College, February 21, 1853'', Boston: Press of T.R. Marvin, 1853.
* ''Lectures on moral science'', Boston: Gould and Lincoln; New York: Sheldon & Co., 1862.
* ''The law of love, and love as a law, or, Moral science, theoretical and practical'', New York: C. Scribner, 1869.
** From 1870 published as ''The law of love and love as a law; or, Christian ethics''.
* ''An outline study of man, or, The body and mind in one system with illustrative diagrams, and a method for blackboard teaching'', New York: Charles Scribner, 1873
* ''Strength and beauty : discussions for young men'', New York: Dodd & Mead, 1874.
* ''The Scriptural idea of man; six lectures given before the theological students at Princeton on the L.P. Stone Foundation'', New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1883.
* ''Teachings and counsels, twenty baccalaureate sermons; with a discourse on President Garfield'', New York: C. Scribr's sons, 1884.
References
* "Mark Hopkins," in ''American Authors 1600 – 1900: A Biographical Dictionary of American Literature'', edited by Stanley J. Kunitz and Howard Haycraft, (New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1964), pp. 383–384.
* Entry on Hopkins in Philip Johnson
"Juridical Apologists 1600 - 2000 AD: A Bio-Bibliographical Essay"
''Global Journal of Classical Theology'', Vol. 3, no. 1 (March 2002).
* John Wright Buckham, "The New England Theologians," ''The American Journal of Theology'', vol. 24, no. 1 (January 1920), pp. 19–29.
* C. H. Lippy, "Mark Hopkins," in ''Dictionary of Christianity in America'', edited by Daniel G. Reid, Robert D. Linder, Bruce L. Shelley & Harry S. Stout, (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press,1990), p. 553.
Topics
* Christian apologetics
Christian apologetics ( grc, ἀπολογία, "verbal defense, speech in defense") is a branch of Christian theology that defends Christianity.
Christian apologetics has taken many forms over the centuries, starting with Paul the Apostle in t ...
External links
*
*
*
Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity
' - Making of America books, University of Michigan
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hopkins, Mark
1802 births
1887 deaths
American theologians
Christian apologists
People from Stockbridge, Massachusetts
Presidents of Williams College
American Congregationalists
Congregationalist writers
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
Berkshire Medical College alumni