Mark DeFriest (born August 18, 1960), known as the Houdini of Florida, is an American man known for his repeated escapes from prison, having successfully done so 7 times. Born in rural Florida, he was arrested for the first time in 1978, serving for a year. In 1980, DeFriest was sentenced to four years in prison for violating probation via illegal firearms possession, having initially been arrested for retrieving work tools that his recently deceased father had willed him before the
will had completed
probate
Probate is the judicial process whereby a will is "proved" in a court of law and accepted as a valid public document that is the true last testament of the deceased, or whereby the estate is settled according to the laws of intestacy in the sta ...
. His sentence has since been repeatedly extended for having attempted to escape 13 times (including one count of armed robbery during one attempt), as well as collecting hundreds of disciplinary reports for minor infractions, leading to a cumulative stay of 34 years in prison.
DeFriest has cumulatively spent 27 years in
solitary confinement
Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment in which the inmate lives in a single cell with little or no meaningful contact with other people. A prison may enforce stricter measures to control contraband on a solitary prisoner and use addit ...
. Following publicity, DeFriest was granted parole and released on 5 February 2019. Ten days later, he was rearrested as he checked into a mental health facility.
Early life
DeFriest grew up in rural
Gadsden County
Gadsden County is a county located in the panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,826. Its county seat is Quincy. Gadsden County is included in the Tallahassee, FL Metropolitan Statistical Are ...
,
Tallahassee
Tallahassee ( ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County. Tallahassee became the capital of Florida, then the Florida Territory, in 1824. In 2020, the populatio ...
, Florida,
where he worked with his father. He was a known
savant who could not quite understand people, but was able to build or fix just about anything. At six years old, he was disassembling and reassembling watches and engines. He often devised and conducted elaborate science experiments in his family's basement, saying he blew himself up a few times.
While his mechanical knowledge was rapidly increasing, his psychological wellbeing continued to worsen.
DeFriest was close with his father, who encouraged his mechanical abilities, and the two had what filmmaker Gabriel London called "a mechanical connection."
His father had served in
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
with the
OSS
OSS or Oss may refer to:
Places
* Oss, a city and municipality in the Netherlands
* Osh Airport, IATA code OSS
People with the name
* Oss (surname), a surname
Arts and entertainment
* ''O.S.S.'' (film), a 1946 World War II spy film about O ...
, a predecessor to the
CIA
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...
.
This experience likely prompted Mark's father to teach his son the avoidance tactics, survival, and defense techniques that Mark describes as
guerilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run t ...
. DeFriest's father died suddenly in 1979.
In his will, the elder DeFriest left his tools to his son, Mark.
Initial arrest
DeFriest, who was struggling with mental health issues at the time, collected the tools. However, the will had not completed
probate
Probate is the judicial process whereby a will is "proved" in a court of law and accepted as a valid public document that is the true last testament of the deceased, or whereby the estate is settled according to the laws of intestacy in the sta ...
, which meant that, in the eyes of the law, the tools had been stolen. DeFriest's stepmother called the police and he was arrested. When the police came for DeFriest, he ran from them out of panic. He took a gun with him, but never used it or even brandished it before the officers.
For the theft, DeFriest was sentenced to four years in prison.
Subsequent escapes led to a life sentence as well as years of emotional and physical abuse within the prison system.
Mental state and legal competence
DeFriest had always behaved erratically. Highly intelligent and lacking in social skills, he stood out in prison. This outsider mentality may have fueled his decision to attempt escape from every facility that would ever house him.
Five out of six psychiatrists deemed DeFriest incompetent and mentally ill.
At the time, the dissenting psychiatrist, Dr. Robert Berland, believed DeFriest's behavior (which included assumption of false identities as well as his compulsive escape attempts) was
intentional. Based on Berland's assessment, the court allowed DeFriest to stand trial and he accepted a life sentence.
Berland reversed his assessment decades later.
Today, professionals think DeFriest's behavioral problems are likely associated with
autism spectrum disorder
The autism spectrum, often referred to as just autism or in the context of a professional diagnosis autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism spectrum condition (ASC), is a neurodevelopmental condition (or conditions) characterized by difficulti ...
,
which may impair the development of social skills and cause an inability to judge the emotions of others.
Prison escapes
DeFriest made his first escape after a month at
Florida State Hospital in
Chattahoochee.
He put
LSD-25
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception. At sufficiently high dosages LSD manifests primarily mental, vi ...
from the hospital's pharmacy into the staff's coffee,
in a plan to slip out while the staff was under the drug's influence. The plan fell apart when security arrived and the ward was locked down. During his first escape, he and a few other prisoners attempted to scale the facility's boundary wall. DeFriest got over the fence,
hot-wired a car, and made a successful escape before being recaptured and sent to Bay County Jail.
He has made use of various creative inventions and methods throughout his various escape attempts, such as replicating keys from any available material after memorising their patterns and fashioning a zip gun out of a toothpaste tube.
During one of these escapes, DeFriest stole a car using a gun, for which he would later be charged with armed robbery.
Treatment in prison
DeFriest was subject to abuse by prison guards throughout his time in prison,
having cumulatively spent 27 years in
solitary confinement
Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment in which the inmate lives in a single cell with little or no meaningful contact with other people. A prison may enforce stricter measures to control contraband on a solitary prisoner and use addit ...
.
He experienced the bulk of the abuse at the
Florida State Prison
Florida State Prison (FSP), otherwise known as Raiford Prison, is a correctional institution located in unincorporated Bradford County, Florida. It was formerly known as the "Florida State Prison-East Unit" as it was originally part of Florida ...
(FSP), having been transferred there in 1982. Ron McAndrew, who served as warden from 1996 to 1998, described the northern Florida prison as "ungovernable",
describing situations where squads "composed of correctional officers roamed the cell blocks, beating and degrading prisoners with impunity", with these officers additionally turning a blind eye to violence between inmates.
He was a target of abuse due to his character: according to Bill Cornwell, DeFriest was a "walk alone", refusing to align with any gangs in the prison and mostly keeping to himself: "Anyone familiar with the inner workings of a penal institution will tell you that an inmate who stands out, who is a loner, who is troubled and vulnerable, is imperiled."
Florida State Prison's solitary confinement served as an "escape-proof" cell, one that The ''
Miami Herald'' reported held the only nonviolent inmate in the solitary confinement ward—one floor above the
electric chair
An electric chair is a device used to execute an individual by electrocution. When used, the condemned person is strapped to a specially built wooden chair and electrocuted through electrodes fastened on the head and leg. This execution method, ...
. There, prison officials deprived DeFriest of books, magazines, radio, TV, windows, sunlight, water and toiletries for 11 days.
Although 209 disciplinary reports have been filed against DeFriest, McAndrew doubted the veracity of many of them: although he was aware of DeFriest engaging in less flagrant displays of rule breaking, he asserted in an interview with Cornwell that many of them were false accusations designed to prolong his time in prison.
DeFriest's attorney John Middleton told the ''Miami Herald'' that "He's not
shanking or stabbing anyone. The reports are for possessing
contraband
Contraband (from Medieval French ''contrebande'' "smuggling") refers to any item that, relating to its nature, is illegal to be possessed or sold. It is used for goods that by their nature are considered too dangerous or offensive in the eyes o ...
. He's made his own alcohol. He's had weapons, usually defensive. He has not hurt people."
In 1999, DeFriest witnessed the fatal beating of
Frank Valdes who had been convicted of murdering a correctional officer. DeFriest was a few cells away and confirmed the medical examiner's conclusion that Valdes was beaten to death. For his protection, DeFriest was transferred to a prison in California.
Documentary film
2014 saw the release, both in theaters and on
Showtime
Showtime or Show Time may refer to:
Film
* ''Showtime'' (film), a 2002 American action/comedy film
* ''Showtime'' (video), a 1995 live concert video by Blur
Television Networks and channels
* Showtime Networks, a division of Paramount Global ...
, of director Gabriel London's documentary ''
The Mind of Mark DeFriest''.
In his review of the film,
The Washington Post's Michael O’Sullivan wrote, "London turns the portrait of an escape artist into a powerful indictment of the American prison system, which many reformers, London included, argue merely warehouses the mentally ill."
In the Miami Herald, in November 2014, DeFriest's attorney John Middleton was quoted as having said "we’re punishing him for being mentally ill. That's what's happening here.
Parole hearings, release, and prisoner status
In the last 15 years, efforts to persuade the Florida government and
parole
Parole (also known as provisional release or supervised release) is a form of early release of a prison inmate where the prisoner agrees to abide by certain behavioral conditions, including checking-in with their designated parole officers, or ...
board to release DeFriest have included petitions started by his wife Bonnie DeFriest
(who he met through a pen-pal list),
legal representation by John Middleton, psychiatrist Dr. Robert Berland's recanting of his assessment of DeFriest in the '80s and outspoken positive reports from former warden of FSP Ron McAndrew.
DeFriest's parole hearing on 19 Nov 2014 in Tallahassee saw the unprecedented reduction of his potential release date from 2085 to March 2015.
This would have made a possible release date of March 2015, but additional outstanding sentences for cocaine,
marijuana
Cannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a psychoactive drug from the cannabis plant. Native to Central or South Asia, the cannabis plant has been used as a drug for both recreational and entheogenic purposes and in variou ...
, contraband possession, and armed robbery were not first considered.
DeFriest was finally granted parole on February 5, 2019,
with one of the conditions being that he spend 12 months in a mental health and substance abuse treatment facility. Community Outreach, Inc. in
Corvallis, Oregon
Corvallis ( ) is a city and the county seat of Benton County in central western Oregon, United States. It is the principal city of the Corvallis, Oregon Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Benton County. As of the 2020 Unite ...
was agreed upon due to its proximity to Bonnie's (his wife) home. DeFriest entered the facility on February 7, 2019.
By February 13, Community Outreach revoked DeFriest's residence due to unspecified behavioral violations.
This raised the question of whether the Oregon facility was appropriately informed, prepared or capable of providing DeFriest with the treatment, structure, and care he needed for a successful transition into public life, as did the revelation that DeFriest tested positive for
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. Meth ...
at the facility.
The director of the facility described DeFriest as exhibiting “
bipolar mania.”
As the behavioral issues and drug use were violations of DeFriest's parole, Oregon began his transfer back to the Florida state prison system only 10 days after his release.
Although advocates were initially optimistic for a quick re-release and second try,
as of 20 Jan 2022, DeFriest remains incarcerated in Florida.
See also
*
Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons
Mentally ill people are overrepresented in United States jail and prison populations relative to the general population. There are three times more seriously mentally ill persons in jails and prisons than in hospitals in the United States. Scholar ...
References
External links
*
The Life and Mind of Mark DeFriest: New Film Captures Florida Prisoner’s Shocking Ordeal Behind Bars' at ''
Democracy Now!
''Democracy Now!'' is an hour-long American TV, radio, and Internet news program hosted by journalists Amy Goodman (who also acts as the show's executive producer), Juan González (journalist), Juan González, and Nermeen Shaikh. The show, whi ...
''
Documentary film website
{{DEFAULTSORT:DeFriest, Mark
1960 births
American escapees
Escapees from Florida detention
Fugitives
Living people