Charles Marius Barbeau, (March 5, 1883 – February 27, 1969), also known as C. Marius Barbeau, or more commonly simply Marius Barbeau, was a

Canadian Canadians () are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being ''C ...

ethnographer and

folklorist Folklore studies (also known as folkloristics, tradition studies or folk life studies in the UK) is the academic discipline devoted to the study of folklore. This term, along with its synonyms, gained currency in the 1950s to distinguish the ac ...

who is today considered a founder of Canadian

anthropology Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, society, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans. Social anthropology studies patterns of behav ...

. A

Rhodes Scholar The Rhodes Scholarship is an international Postgraduate education, postgraduate award for students to study at the University of Oxford in Oxford, United Kingdom. The scholarship is open to people from all backgrounds around the world. Esta ...

, he is best known for an early championing of Québecois folk culture, and for his exhaustive cataloguing of the social organization, narrative and musical traditions, and plastic arts of the Tsimshianic-speaking peoples in

British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Situated in the Pacific Northwest between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that ...

(

Tsimshian The Tsimshian (; ) are an Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their communities are mostly in coastal British Columbia in Terrace, British Columbia, Terrace and ...

Gitxsan Gitxsan (also spelled Gitksan and Kitksan) are an Indigenous people in Canada whose home territory comprises most of the area known as the Skeena Country in English (: means "people of" and : means "the River of Mist"). Gitksan territory enco ...

, and Nisga'a), and other Northwest Coast peoples. He developed unconventional theories about the

peopling of the Americas It is believed that the peopling of the Americas began when Paleolithic hunter-gatherers (Paleo-Indians) entered North America from the North Asian Mammoth steppe via the Beringia land bridge, which had formed between northeastern Siberia and we ...

Life and career

Youth and education

Frédéric Charles Joseph Marius Barbeau was born March 5, 1883, in Sainte-Marie, Quebec. In 1897, he began studies for the priesthood. He did his classical studies at Collège de Ste-Anne-de-la-Pocatière. In 1903 he changed his studies to a law degree at

Université Laval (; English: ''Laval University)'' is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The university traces its roots to the Séminaire de Québec, founded by François de Montmorency-Laval in 1663, making it the oldest institutio ...

, which he received in 1907. He went to England on a

Rhodes Scholarship The Rhodes Scholarship is an international postgraduate award for students to study at the University of Oxford in Oxford, United Kingdom. The scholarship is open to people from all backgrounds around the world. Established in 1902, it is ...

, studying at

Oriel College, Oxford Oriel College () is Colleges of the University of Oxford, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford (a title for ...

, from 1907 to 1910, where he began his studies in the new fields of

archeology Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscapes. Archaeolo ...

and

ethnography Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. It explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnography is also a type of social research that involves examining ...

, under R. R. Marett. During the summers he would attend École des hautes études de la Sorbonne and École d'anthropologie. In Paris he would meet

Marcel Mauss Marcel Israël Mauss (; 10 May 1872 – 10 February 1950) was a French sociologist and anthropologist known as the "father of French ethnology". The nephew of Émile Durkheim, Mauss, in his academic work, crossed the boundaries between sociolo ...

who would encourage him in his anthropological studies.

Field work

In 1911, Barbeau joined the

National Museum of Canada The national museums of Canada () are the nine museums in Canada designated under the federal ''Museums Act'' and operated by the Government of Canada. The national museums are responsible for "preserving and promoting the heritage of Canada and al ...

(then part of the

Geological Survey of Canada The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC; , CGC) is a Canadian federal government agency responsible for performing geological surveys of the country developing Canada's natural resources and protecting the environment. A branch of the Earth Science ...

) as an anthropologist under

Edward Sapir Edward Sapir (; January 26, 1884 – February 4, 1939) was an American anthropologist-linguistics, linguist, who is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the development of the discipline of linguistics in the United States ...

. He worked there for his entire career, retiring in 1949. (The GSC subdivided in 1920. From that period, Barbeau was with the Victoria Memorial Museum, later renamed in 1927 as the National Museum of Canada). At the beginning, he and Sapir were Canada's first and only two full-time anthropologists. Under those auspices, Barbeau began fieldwork in 1911–1912 with the Huron- Wyandot people around

Quebec City Quebec City is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Quebec. As of July 2021, the city had a population of 549,459, and the Census Metropolitan Area (including surrounding communities) had a populati ...

, in southern

Ontario Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...

, and on their reservation in

Oklahoma Oklahoma ( ; Choctaw language, Choctaw: , ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Texas to the south and west, Kansas to the north, Missouri to the northea ...

of the United States, collecting mostly stories and songs. In 1913, the German-American anthropologist

Franz Boas Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and ethnomusicologist. He was a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology". His work is associated with the mov ...

, then affiliated with the

American Folklore Society The American Folklore Society (AFS) is the United States (US)-based professional association for folklorists, with members from the US, Canada, and around the world, which aims to encourage research, aid in disseminating that research, promote t ...

(AFS), convinced Barbeau to specialize in French-Canadian folklore. Barbeau began collecting such material the following year. In 1918, Barbeau became president of the AFS. In 1914, Barbeau married Marie Larocque. They had a family together. Beginning in December 1914, Barbeau carried out three months' fieldwork in '' Lax Kw'alaams'' (Port Simpson),

, the largest

village in

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

. He collaborated with his interpreter,

William Beynon William Beynon (1888–1958), also known as Gusgai'in or Gusgain, was a Canadian hereditary chief of the Tsimshian Nation and an oral historian. He served as an ethnographer, translator, and linguistic consultant to many anthropologists who s ...

, a Tsimshian hereditary chief. The anthropologist Wilson Duff (who in the late 1950s was entrusted by Barbeau with organizing the information) has called these three months "one of the most productive field seasons in the history of orthAmerican anthropology." Barbeau and Beynon had a decades-long collaboration. Barbeau wrote an enormous volume of field notes—which are still mostly unpublished. Duff has characterized this as "the most complete body of information on the social organization of any Indian nation". Barbeau eventually trained Beynon in phonetic transcription, and the Tsimshian chief became an ethnological field worker in his own right. Barbeau and Beynon conducted field work in 1923–1924 with the Kitselas and

Kitsumkalum Kitsumkalum is an original tribe/ galts'ap (community) of the Tsimshian Nation. Kitsumkalum is one of the 14 tribes of the Tsimshian nation in British Columbia, Canada. Kitsumkalum and is also the name of one of their Indian Reserve just west of t ...

Tsimshians and the Gitksan, who lived along the middle

Skeena River The Skeena River is the second-longest river entirely within British Columbia, Canada (after the Fraser River). Since ancient times, the Skeena has been an important transportation artery, particularly for the Tsimshian and the Gitxsan—whose na ...

. In 1927 and 1929, they had field seasons among the Nisga'a of the Nass River. In 1929, Barbeau removed the Ni'isjoohl totem pole, hand-carved in the 1860s, from a Nisga'a village. The pole depicts the story of Ts'wawit, a warrior who was next in line to be chief before he was killed in a conflict with a neighbouring nation. The Nisga’a nation says the pole was taken by Barbeau without its consent while members were away from their villages for the annual hunting and food harvesting season, and it was later sold it to the museum in Scotland. In August 2021, a delegation of Nisga'a leaders travelled to Edinburgh to request the transfer of the 11-metre pole back to their territory. The museum said its board of trustees approved the First Nation's request to transfer the pole to its home in northwest B.C. Chris Breward, the director of National Museums Scotland, said in a statement the institution is pleased to reach an agreement allowing the pole to be transferred to its people and the place where its spiritual significance is most keenly understood. Barbeau is a controversial figure as he was criticised for not accurately representing his Indigenous informants. In his anthropological work among the Tsimshian and Huron-Wyandot, for instance, Barbeau was solely looking for what he defined as "authentic" stories that were without political implications. Informants were often unwilling to work with him for various reasons. It is possible that the "educated informants," whom Barbeau advised his students to avoid, did not trust him to disseminate their stories.

Academic career

In 1942, Barbeau began lecturing at Laval and at the

University of Ottawa The University of Ottawa (), often referred to as uOttawa or U of O, is a Official bilingualism in Canada, bilingual public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on directly to the northeast of Downtown Ot ...

. In 1945, he was made a professor at Laval. He retired in 1954 after suffering a stroke. He died February 27, 1969, in Ottawa.

Theories

Barbeau also did brief fieldwork with the Tlingit, Haida, Tahltan, Kwakwaka'wakw, and other Northwest Coast groups. He emphasized trying to synthesize the various migration traditions of these peoples, in order to correlate them with the distribution of culture traits. He was trying to reconstruct a sequence for the peopling of the Americas. He was an early champion of the theory of migration from

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

across the

Bering Strait The Bering Strait ( , ; ) is a strait between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, separating the Chukchi Peninsula of the Russian Far East from the Seward Peninsula of Alaska. The present Russia–United States maritime boundary is at 168° 58' ...

. This narrative, while recognized as largely accurate by modern anthropologists and geneticists,Ancient DNA reveals complex migrations of the first Americans
Michael Greshko (''National Geographic'', 8 November 2018) is still strongly disputed by many Indigenous nations who claim origin in North America. His more controversial theory is that the Tsimshianic-speaking peoples, Haida, and Tlingit represented the most recent migration into the New World from Siberia. He believed that their ancestors were refugees from

Genghis Khan Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan (title), khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongols, Mongol tribes, he launched Mongol invasions and ...

's conquests, some as recently as a few centuries ago. In works such as the unpublished ''Migration Series'' manuscripts, the book ''Alaska Beckons,'' and numerous articles with such titles as "How Asia Used to Drip at the Spout into America" and "Buddhist Dirges on the North Pacific Coast", he eventually antagonized many of his contemporaries on this question. His thesis has been discredited by analysis of linguistic and DNA evidence. Under Beynon's influence, Barbeau promoted the idea among western academics that the region's oral histories of migration have real historiographic value. They were long discounted because they did not conform to European traditions as accounts. Barbeau and Beynon's theory has been proven to have some merit, when taken with evidence-based data such as climate, astronomical and geological events. Barbeau was an early proponent of recognizing totem poles as world-class high art. His opinion that they were a post-contact artistic development has been decisively disproved.

Ethnomusicology

Barbeau's primary contribution to

ethnomusicology Ethnomusicology is the multidisciplinary study of music in its cultural context. The discipline investigates social, cognitive, biological, comparative, and other dimensions. Ethnomusicologists study music as a reflection of culture and investiga ...

was primarily around collection.Sargent, Margaret. Folk and Primitive Music in Canada. Journal of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 4 (1952), pp. 65-68. Accessed 2019 He was interested in music from a young age receiving musical education from his mother. Through his career, he would be concerned with music's influence on anthropology. He would be named one of the first Canadian ethnomusicologists Barbeau was concerned with having all Canadians experience folk music. He often used trained Canadian musicians as folk music performers to bring the music to a wider audience. He received minor criticism for utilizing an American singer, Loraine Wyman. In 1915, Barbeau would initiate the Museum collection of French-Canadian songs. Later in 1916, he set off on a recording expedition along the

St. Lawrence river The St. Lawrence River (, ) is a large international river in the middle latitudes of North America connecting the Great Lakes to the North Atlantic Ocean. Its waters flow in a northeasterly direction from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawren ...

. His objective was to record every French Canadian folk song. He returned with notation for over 500 songs and some folk legends.

Recognition and legacy

Cultural legacy

Barbeau was a prolific writer, producing both scholarly articles and monographs, and books that presented Québecois and First Nations oral traditions for a mass audience. Examples include ''The Downfall of Temlaham,'' which weaves ancient Gitksan oral traditions with contemporary contact history. His ''The Golden Phoenix'' and other collections for children present French-Canadian folk and fairy tales. From his fieldwork and writings on all aspects of French-Canadian creative expression, numerous popular and scholarly publications were produced. His work is credited with contributing significantly to the rise of Québecois nationalism in the late 20th century.

Awards and honours

Between 1916 and 1950, Barbeau served as associate editor of the ''Journal of American Folklore.'' During that time he edited ten issues of the journal which primarily focused on Canadian folklore. In 1922, Barbeau became the founding secretary of the Canadian Historical Association. In 1929 he became a founding board member of the

Royal Canadian Geographical Society The Royal Canadian Geographical Society (RCGS; French: ''Société géographique royale du Canada'') is a Canadian nonprofit educational organization. It has dedicated itself to spreading a broader knowledge and deeper appreciation of Canada, i ...

. In 1950 Barbeau won the Royal Society of Canada's Lorne Pierce Medal. In 1967 he was made a Companion of the

Order of Canada The Order of Canada () is a Canadian state order, national order and the second-highest Award, honour for merit in the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada, after the Order of Merit. To coincide with the Canadian Centennial, ce ...

. In 1969, Barbeau Peak, the highest mountain in

Nunavut Nunavut is the largest and northernmost Provinces and territories of Canada#Territories, territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the ''Nunavut Act'' and the Nunavut Land Claims Agr ...

, was named after him. In 2005, Marius Barbeau's broadcasts and ethnological recordings were honoured as a MasterWork by the

Audio-Visual Preservation Trust of Canada The Audio-Visual Preservation Trust of Canada (or the AV Trust). originally the Alliance for the Preservation of Canada's Audio-Visual Heritage,Canadian Museum of History The Canadian Museum of History () is a national museum on anthropology, Canadian history, cultural studies, and ethnology in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of Canada, as well as support related res ...

. In 1985 the Folklore Studies Association of Canada
Wikidata
established the "Marius Barbeau Medal" to recognize persons making remarkable contributions to Canadian folklore and ethnology.

Portrait

An authorized bronze portrait bust of Barbeau was created by Russian-Canadian artist Eugenia Berlin; it is installed in the collection of the

National Gallery of Canada The National Gallery of Canada (), located in the capital city of Ottawa, Ontario, is Canada's National museums of Canada, national art museum. The museum's building takes up , with of space used for exhibiting art. It is one of the List of large ...

Selected works

* (1915) "Classification of Iroquoian radicals with subjective pronominal prefixes." Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada.
Memoir no. 46
'
GEOSCAN
* (1915) ''Huron and Wyandot Mythology, with Appendix Containing Earlier Published Records.'' Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada.
Memoir no. 80.

GEOSCAN
* (1923) ''Indian Days in the Canadian Rockies.'' Illustrated by W. Langdon Kihn. Toronto: Macmillan. * (with Edward Sapir) (1925) ''Folksongs of French Canada.'' New Haven: Yale University Press. * (1928) ''The Downfall of Temlaham.'' Toronto: Macmillan. * (1929) " Totem Poles of the Gitksan, Upper Skeena River, British Columbia." Ottawa: National Museum of Canada.
Bulletin no. 61
'
GEOSCAN
* (1933) "How Asia Used to Drip at the Spout into America," ''Washington Historical Quarterly,'' vol. 24, pp. 163–173. * (1934) ''Au Coeur de Québec.'' Montréal: Zodiaque. * (1934) ''Cornelius Krieghoff: Pioneer Painter of North America.'' Toronto: Macmillan. * (1934) ''La merveilleuse aventure de

Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier (; 31 December 14911 September 1557) was a French maritime explorer from Brittany. Jacques Cartier was the first Europeans, European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, wh ...

.'' Montréal: A. Levesque. * (1935) "Folk-songs of Old Quebec." Ottawa: National Museum of Canada.
Bulletin no. 75
'
GEOSCAN
* (1935) ''Grand'mère raconte.'' Montréal: Beauchemin. * (1935) ''Il était une fois.'' Montréal: Beauchemin. * (1936) ''The Kingdom Saguenay.'' Toronto: Macmillan. * (1936) ''Québec, ou survit l'ancienne France'' (''Quebec: Where Ancient France Lingers.'') Québec City: Garneau. * (with Marguerite and Raoul d'Harcourt) (1937) ''Romanceros du Canada.'' Montréal: Beauchemin. * (1942) ''Maîtres artisans de chez-nous.'' Montréal: Zodiaque. * (1942) ''Les Rêves des chasseurs.'' Montréal: Beauchemin. * (with Grace Melvin) (1943) ''The Indian Speaks.'' Toronto: Macmillan. * (with Rina Lasnier) (1944) ''Madones canadiennes.'' Montréal: Beauchemin. * (1944) ''Mountain Cloud.'' Toronto: Macmillan. * (1944–1946) ''Saintes artisanes.'' 2 vols. Montréal: Fides. * (1945) "The Aleutian Route of Migration into America." ''Geographical Review,'' vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 424–443. * (1945) "Bear Mother." ''Journal of American Folklore,'' vol. 59, no. 231, pp. 1–12. * (1945) ''Ceinture flechée.'' Montréal: Paysana. * (1946) ''Alouette!'' Montréal: Lumen. * (1947) ''Alaska Beckons.'' Toronto: Macmillan. * (1947) ''L'Arbre des rèves'' (''The Tree of Dreams''). Montréal: Thérrien. * (1950; reissued 1990) ''Totem Poles.'' 2 vols. (Anthropology Series 30, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 119.) Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. Reprinted, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Hull, Quebec, 1990
Individual chapters available in pdf on the website of the Canadian Museum of History.
* (1952) "The Old-World Dragon in America." In ''Indian Tribes of Aboriginal America: Selected Papers of the XXIXth

International Congress of Americanists The International Congress of Americanists (ICA) is an international academic conference for research in multidisciplinary studies of the Americas. Established August 25, 1875 in Nancy, France, the scholars' forum has met regularly since its incep ...

,'' ed. by Sol Tax, pp. 115–122. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * (1953) ''Haida Myths.'' Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. * (1954) "'Totemic Atmosphere' on the North Pacific Coast." ''Journal of American Folklore, vol. 67, pp. 103-122. * (1957) ''Haida Carvers in Argillite.'' Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. * (1957) ''J'ai vu Québec.'' Québec City: Garneau. * (1957) ''My Life in Recording: Canadian-Indian Folklore.'' Folkways Records * (ed.) (1958) ''The Golden Phoenix and Other Fairy Tales from Quebec.'' Retold by Michael Hornyansky. Toronto: Oxford University Press. * (1958) ''Medicine-Men on the North Pacific Coast.'' Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. * (1958) ''Pathfinders in the North Pacific.'' Toronto: Ryerson. * (et al.) (1958) ''Roundelays: Dansons à la Ronde.'' Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. * (1960) ''Indian Days on the Western Prairies.'' Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. * (1960) "Huron-Wyandot Traditional Narratives: In Translations and Native Texts." National Museum of Canada Bulletin 165, Anthropological Series 47. * (1961) ''Tsimsyan Myths.'' (Anthropological Series 51, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 174.) Ottawa: Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources. * (1962) ''Jongleur Songs of Old Quebec.'' Rutgers University Press. * (1965–1966) ''Indiens d'Amérique.'' 3 vols. Montréal: Beauchemin. * (1968) ''Louis Jobin, statuaire.'' Montréal: Beauchemin. * (1973) " Totem Poles of the Gitksan, Upper Skeena River, British Columbia." Ottawa: National Museum of Canada.
Bulletin no. 61, (ed. Facsimile)
'.

Bibliography

* Katz, Israel J. (1970) “Marius Barbeau (1883-1969)(Necrology: Biography-Bibliography)," ''Ethnomusicology'', XIV/1 (Jan.), 129-42. * Cove, John J. (1985) ''A Detailed Inventory of the Barbeau Northwest Coast Files.'' (National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, Paper 54.) Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. * Wilson Duff (1964) "Contributions of Marius Barbeau to West Coast Ethnology," ''Anthropologica'' (new series) 6 (1): 63-96 from

JSTOR JSTOR ( ; short for ''Journal Storage'') is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources founded in 1994. Originally containing digitized back issues of academic journals, it now encompasses books and other primary source ...

* MacDonald, George F., and John J. Cove (eds.) (1987) ''Tsimshian Narratives.'' Collected by Marius Barbeau and William Beynon. (Canadian Museum of Civilization Mercury Series, Directorate Paper 3.) 2 vols. Ottawa: Directorate, Canadian Museum of Civilization. * Nowry, Laurence (1995) ''Marius Barbeau, Man of Mana: A Biography.'' Toronto: NC Press. *Orford, Emily (1986) "Anthropologist’s field work on west coast began in 1914," In ''Western People,'' 23 January 23, 1986. *Orford, Emily (1984) "Charles Marius Barbeau: Photo-ethnologist of coast Indians." In ''Victoria Times-Colonist: The Islander,'' May 13, 1984. 10-11. * Slaney, Frances M. (2000) "Working for a Canadian Sense of Place(s): The Role of Landscape Painters in Marius Barbeau's Ethnology," In ''Excluded Ancestors, Inventible Traditions: Essays toward a More Inclusive History of Anthropology,'' ed. by Richard Handler, pp. 81–122. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

References

External links

*
Marius Barbeau : A Canadian Hero and His Era - The Canadian Museum of Civilization

Charles Marius Barbeau
at

The Canadian Encyclopedia ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'' (TCE; ) is the national encyclopedia of Canada, published online by the Toronto-based historical organization Historica Canada, with financial support by the federal Department of Canadian Heritage and Society of Com ...

*
AVTrust.ca - Marius Barbeau (contains video recording)

Barbeau Autobiography Album Details
at

Smithsonian Folkways Smithsonian Folkways is the nonprofit record label of the Smithsonian Institution. It is a part of the Smithsonian's Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, located at Capital Gallery in downtown Washington, D.C. The label was f ...

“But Now Things Have Changed”: Marius Barbeau and the Politics of Amerindian Identity Andrew Nurse, Mount Allison University

B.C. First Nation asks Scotland museum to return totem pole taken in 1929
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barbeau, Marius 1883 births 1969 deaths 20th-century Canadian anthropologists Academics from Quebec Academic staff of Université Laval Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford Canadian folklorists Canadian male non-fiction writers Canadian non-fiction writers in French Canadian Rhodes Scholars Coast of British Columbia Companions of the Order of Canada Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada People from Sainte-Marie, Quebec Collectors of fairy tales Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Presidents of the American Folklore Society Université Laval alumni