Marginellidae, or the margin shells, are a

taxonomic 280px, Generalized scheme of taxonomy Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization. Typically, there are two parts to it: the development of an underlying scheme of classes (a taxonomy) and the allocation ...

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of small, often colorful,

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

s, marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the clade Neogastropoda.

Taxonomy

The higher classification of the family Marginellidae has long been in a state of confusion. Many popular works still treat all members of this family under the single genus ''Marginella'', basing them primarily on superficial similarities of the shell. The confusion over the classification stems from the fact that the earlier classifications were based rather crudely on shell characters. Although many good differential shell characters do exist within this group, those characters were generally misinterpreted or not recognized as significant. Such information as did exist on the

radula The radula (; : radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters ...

e and the external anatomy of the living animals was widely scattered in the scientific literature, and internal anatomical descriptions were not available until fairly recently. In 2019 a new molecular

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or Taxon, taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, M ...

of marginelliform gastropods has been established by Fedosov A.E., Caballer Gutierrez M., Buge B., Sorokin P.V., Puillandre N., Bouchet P.

Shell description

The shell of Marginellidae is usually small, but varies in different species from minute to medium-sized. The external color of the shell can be white, cream, yellow, orange, red, or brown, and can be uniformly colored, or patterned in various ways. The

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called " ...

is paucispiral. The lip of the shell is thickened, and can be smooth or denticulate. An external varix may be present or absent, a siphonal notch may be present or absent. The columella may have 2-6 plications. The operculum is absent in this family.

Genera

* '' Janaginella'' T. Cossignani & Lorenz, 2021 *Subfamily Austroginellinae G. A. Coovert & H. K. Coovert, 1995 :*'' Alaginella'' Laseron, 1957 :*'' Austroginella'' Laseron, 1957 :* † '' Conuginella'' Laseron, 1957 :*'' Hydroginella'' Laseron, 1957 :*'' Marigordiella'' Espinosa & Ortea, 2010 :*'' Mesoginella'' Laseron, 1957 :* † '' Mioginella'' Laseron, 1957 :*'' Ovaginella'' Laseron, 1957 :*'' Protoginella'' Laseron, 1957 :*'' Serrata'' Jousseaume, 1875 :* † '' Stromboginella'' Laseron, 1957 *Subfamily Marginellinae Fleming, 1828 :* '' Africosta'' S. G. Veldsman, 2022 :*'' Dentimargo'' Cossmann, 1899 :*'' Eratoidea'' Weinkauff, 1879 :* † '' Euryentome'' Cossmann, 1899 :*'' Gibbacousteau'' Espinosa & Ortea, 2013 :*''

Glabella The glabella, in humans, is the area of skin between the eyebrows and above the nose. The term also refers to the underlying bone that is slightly depressed, and joins the two brow ridges. It is a cephalometric landmark that is just superior ...

'' Swainson, 1840 :*'' Marginella''

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolo ...

, 1799 :* † '' Myobarbum'' Sohl, 1963 :* '' Nudifaba'' Eames, 1952 :* '' Simplicoglabella'' Sacco, 1890 :* †'' Stazzania'' Sacco, 1890 :* '' Volvarina'' Hinds, 1844 *Subfamily Pruninae G. A. Coovert & H. K. Coovert, 1995 :*'' Balanetta'' Jousseaume, 1875 :*'' Bullata'' Jousseaume, 1875 :*'' Closia''

Gray Grey (more frequent in British English) or gray (more frequent in American English) is an intermediate color between black and white. It is a neutral or achromatic color, meaning that it has no chroma. It is the color of a cloud-covered s ...

, 1857 :*'' Cryptospira'' Hinds, 1844 :*'' Hyalina'' Schumacher, 1817 :*'' Mirpurina'' Ortea, Moro & Espinosa, 2019 :*'' Prunum'' Herrmannsen, 1852 :*'' Rivomarginella'' Brandt, 1968 Subfamily

Incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

*'' Demissa'' Boyer, 2016

Synonyms

* Granulininae G. A. Coovert & H. K. Coovert, 1995: synonym of

Granulinidae Granulinidae are a family (biology), family of small to medium-large sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Granulinidae G. A. Coovert & H. K. Coovert, 1995. Access ...

G. A. Coovert & H. K. Coovert, 1995 (original rank) * Marginelloninae Coan, 1965: synonym of Marginellonidae Coan, 1965 (original rank) * ''Carinaginella'' Laseron, 1957: synonym of '' Alaginella'' Laseron, 1957 * ''Cassoginella'' Laseron, 1957 †: synonym of '' Alaginella'' Laseron, 1957 * ''Deviginella'' Laseron, 1957: synonym of '' Mesoginella'' Laseron, 1957 * ''Haloginella'' Laseron, 1957: synonym of '' Serrata'' Jousseaume, 1875 * ''Neptoginella'' Laseron, 1957: synonym of '' Hydroginella'' Laseron, 1957 * ''Pillarginella'' Gabriel, 1962: synonym of '' Hydroginella'' Laseron, 1957 * ''Plicaginella'' Laseron, 1957: synonym of '' Austroginella'' Laseron, 1957 * ''Serrataginella'' G. A. Coovert & H. K. Coovert, 1995: synonym of '' Serrata'' Jousseaume, 1875 * ''Sinuginella'' Laseron, 1957: synonym of '' Mesoginella'' Laseron, 1957 * ''Spiroginella'' Laseron, 1957: synonym of '' Mesoginella'' Laseron, 1957 * ''Triginella'' Laseron, 1957: synonym of '' Alaginella'' Laseron, 1957 * ''Cucumis'' "Klein": synonym of '' Marginella'' Lamarck, 1799 (unavailable name) * ''Faba'' P. Fischer, 1883: synonym of ''

'' Swainson, 1840 (objective synonym of Glabella) * ''Longinella'' Laseron, 1957: synonym of '' Dentimargo'' Cossmann, 1899 (preoccupied by ''Longinella'' Gros & Lestage, 1927 phemeroptera * ''Marginellarius'' Duméril, 1805: synonym of '' Marginella'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Marginellus'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of '' Marginella'' Lamarck, 1799 (unjustified emendation of Marginella) * ''Porcellana'' Gray, 1847: synonym of '' Marginella'' Lamarck, 1799 (invalid: junior homonym of Porcellana Lamarck, 1801 rustacea * ''Pseudomarginella'' Maltzan, 1880: synonym of '' Marginella'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Volvarinella'' Habe, 1951: synonym of '' Dentimargo'' Cossmann, 1899 * ''Egouana'': synonym of Egouena Jousseaume, 1875: synonym of '' Prunum'' Herrmannsen, 1852 (invalid: incorrect alternative original spelling) * ''Egouena'' Jousseaume, 1875: synonym of '' Prunum'' Herrmannsen, 1852 * ''Gibberulina'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of '' Bullata'' Jousseaume, 1875 * ''Leptegouana'' Woodring, 1928: synonym of '' Prunum'' Herrmannsen, 1852 * ''Porcellanella'' Conrad, 1863 †: synonym of '' Prunum'' Herrmannsen, 1852 ( invalid: junior homonym of Porcellanella White, 1852 rustacea) * ''Volutella'' Swainson, 1831: synonym of '' Bullata'' Jousseaume, 1875 (invalid: junior homonym of ''Volutella'' Perry, 1810 asidae

References

* 1853. ''In'': 1853-1858. The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. John van Voorst, London. 3 vols :vi-xl, 1-484; 2:1-661; 3:pls. 1-138 * :: 1962. A new genus in the family Marginellidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 35(1):14-15. :: 1963. The family position of ''Afrivoluta pringlei'' Tomlin. The Journal of Conchology 25(5):198-199. * 1974. A new species of ''Cypraea'' from West Africa and three new species of Marginellidae from the Indian Ocean. The Journal of Conchology 28(4):213-216, pl.8. * 1965. A proposed reclassification of the family Marginellidae. The Veliger 7(3):184-189 * :: 1966. The West American Marginellidae. The Veliger 8(4): 276-299, pls. 48-51. :: 1976. Status of the genus ''Hyalina'' Schumacher, 1817 (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Journal of Moluccan Studies 42(2):217-222. * 1922. On the pseudo-genus ''Pseudomarginella'', v. Maltzan. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London15(1):3-5. * :: 1969a. On the identity of ''Criptospira glauca'' and the related ''Cryptospira ventricosa'', (Gastropoda: Marginellidae). Basteria 33(5-6):85-92. :: 1969b. Notes om ''Marginella spryi''. Basteria 39(1-2):23-27. :: 1975. ''Marginella orstomi''. A new species from deeper water off the coast of West Africa (gastropoda, Marginellidae). Bulletin Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit von Amsterdam vol.4 No.12 * 1972. The genus ''Rivomarginella'' (Gastropoda, Marginellidae). Beaufortia 20(263):69-75. * :: 1986a. Type species list. Marginella Marginalia 1(1):1-3. :: 1986b. Generic group names. Marginella Marginalia 1(2):5-7. :: 1987a. The genus ''Afrivoluta'' and a review of the type species ''Afrivoluta pringlei'' Tomlin, 1947. Marginella Marginalia 2(1):1-8. :: 1987b. Addenda to ''Afrivoluta'' paper. Marginella Marginalia 2(6):39 :: 1987c. Propor usage of the generic names ''Haloginella, Hyalina'', and ''Volvarina'' with a diagnosis of the genus ''Haloginella''. Marginella Marginalia 3(1):1-7 :: 1987d. The external anatomy of two species of Caribbean Marginellidae. Marginella Marginalia 3(5):33-37. :: 1988a. Type species of the genera ''Austroginella'' and ''Mesoginella'' and their synonyms. Marginella Marginalia 4(2/3):9-26. :: 1988b. Marginellidae of Florida, Part II. ''Prunum succinea'' with a discussion of ''Prunum'' and ''Volvarina''. Marginella Marginalia 4(5)_35-42, pl. 1. * 1899. Essaid e paléonconchologie comparée. Cossmann, Paris. Vol. 3, 201 p., pls. 1-8. * 1883 . ''In:'' 1880-1887. Manuel de conchyologie et de paléontologie conchyologique ou histoire naturelle des mollusques vivantes et fossiles. Libraire F. Savy, Paris. Vol. 2(fascicule 6):513-608, 1883. * 1989. Le genre ''Volvarina'' (Marginellidae) dans la Mediterranée et l´Atlantique du nord est. Bolletino Malacologico 25(5-8):159-182. * :: 1988. The marginellids of São Tomé, West Africa. Journal of Conchology 33(1):1-30, pls. 1-2. :: 1992. The Marginellidae of Angola: The genus ''Volvarina''. The Journal of Conchology 34(4):187-198 :: 1994. The Marginellidae of Angola: The genus ''Marginella''. Journal of Conchology 35:103-119 * 1847. A list of the genera of Recent Mollusac, their synonyma and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1847 pt.15 17129-219. * 1991. Rediscovery of ''Marginellona gigas'' (Martens, 1904), with notes on the anatomy and systematic position on the subfamily Marginelloninae (Gastropoda: Marginellidae). Nemouria 37:1-19. * 1844. Descriptions of Marginellae collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur, and from the collection of Mr. Cuming. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1844 pt. 12 vol. 1472-77. * 1875. Coquilles de la famille des marginelles. Monographie. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, ser.3, 3:164-271, 429-435, pls. 7-8. lso issued separately, pp. 1–115, pls. 7-8 * 1957. A new classification of the Australian Marginellidae (Mollusca), with a review of species from the Solanderian and Dampierian zoogeographical provinces. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 8(3):274-311. * :: 1852. Description of new species of ''Marginella'', with notes on sundry species of ''Marginella'' and ''Cypraea''. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History in New York 5:224-228. :: 1870. Catalogue of the known species, recent and fossil, of the family Marginellidae. American Journal of Concholoigy 6(2):215-269. * 1864-1865. Monograph of the genus ''Marginella''. ''In;'' Chonchologia Iconica: or illustration of the shells of molluscous animals. Vol. 15, pls. 2-13 ug. 1864 pls. 1,14-27, index, errata an. 1865 * 1963. New gastropod genera from the late Upper Cretaceous of East Gulf Coastal * 1846. Monograph of the genus ''Marginella''. ''In:'' Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or figures and descriptions of Recent Shells. Sowerby, London. Vol 1(7):239-406, pls.68-78.
The Academy of Natural Sciences
A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca * 1904. Pt. B, Anatomisch-systematische untersuchungen einiger Gastropoden, pp. 147–180, pls. 6-9. ''In:'' Martens and Thiele. Die beschalten Gastropoden der deutscen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898-1899. * 1947. A new South African volutid. The Journal of Conchology 22(10):244-245 * 1878-1879. Die gattungen ''Marginella'' und ''Erato'' ''In:'' Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Cheminitz. 2nd ed. Bauer and Raspe, Nürnberg. Vol. 5(4):1-166, pls. 1-26.

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