marginal rate

A marginal value is
#a value that holds true given particular constraints,
#the ''change'' in a value associated with a specific change in some independent variable, whether it be of that variable or of a dependent variable, or
#hen underlying values are quantifiedthe ''ratio'' of the change of a dependent variable to that of the independent variable.
(This third case is actually a special case of the second).

In the case of differentiability, at the limit, a marginal change is a mathematical differential, or the corresponding mathematical derivative.

These uses of the term “marginal” are especially common in economics, and result from conceptualizing constraints as ''borders'' or as ''margins''. Wicksteed, Philip Henry; ''The Common Sense of Political Economy'' (1910),] Bk I Ch 2 and elsewhere. The sorts of marginal values most common to economic analysis are those associated with ''unit'' changes of resources and, in mainstream economics, those associated with ''infinitesimal'' changes. Marginal values associated with units are considered because many decisions are made by unit, and marginalism explains ''unit price'' in terms of such marginal values. Mainstream economics uses infinitesimal values in much of its analysis for reasons of mathematical tractability.

Quantified conception

Assume a functional relationship
:$y=f\left(x_1 ,x_2 ,\ldots,x_n \right)$

Discrete change

If the value of $x_i$ is ''discretely'' changed from $x_$ to $x_$ while other independent variables remain unchanged, then the marginal value of the change in $x_i$ is
:$\Delta x_i =x_-x_$
and the “marginal value” of $y$ may refer to
:$\Delta y=f\left(x_1 ,x_2 ,\ldots ,x_,\ldots,x_n \right)-f\left(x_1 ,x_2 ,\ldots ,x_,\ldots,x_n \right)$
or to
:$\frac=\frac$

Example

If an individual saw her income increase from $50000 to $55000 per annum, and part of her response was to increase yearly purchases of amontillado from two casks to three casks, then
*the marginal increase in her income was $5000
*the marginal effect on her purchase of amontillado was an increase of one cask, or of one cask per $5000.

Infinitesimal margins

If ''infinitesimal'' values are considered, then a marginal value of $x_i$ would be $dx_i$, and the “marginal value” of $y$ would typically refer to
:$\frac=\frac$

(For a linear functional relationship $y = a + b\cdot x$, the marginal value of $y$ will simply be the co-efficient of $x$ (in this case, $b$) and this will not change as $x$ changes. However, in the case where the functional relationship is non-linear, say $y = a\cdot b^x$, the marginal value of $y$ will be different for different values of $x$.)

Example

Assume that, in some economy, aggregate consumption is well-approximated by
:$C=C\left(Y\right)$
where
*$Y$ is aggregate income.
Then the ''marginal propensity to consume'' is
:$MPC=\frac{dY}$

See also

* Marginal concepts

References

Marginal concepts