''Margarya'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of large

operculate An operculum (; ) is a corneous or calcareous anatomical structure like a trapdoor that exists in many (but not all) groups of sea snails and freshwater snails, and also in a few groups of land snails, including the Helicinidae, Cyclophoridae, A ...

freshwater snail Freshwater snails are gastropod mollusks that live in fresh water. There are many different families. They are found throughout the world in various habitats, ranging from ephemeral pools to the largest lakes, and from small seeps and springs t ...

aquatic Aquatic means relating to water; living in or near water or taking place in water; does not include groundwater, as "aquatic" implies an environment where plants and animals live. Aquatic(s) may also refer to: * Aquatic animal, either vertebrate ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the family

Viviparidae Summary Viviparidae, commonly called river snails or mystery snails, are a family of freshwater snails with gills and a protective lid (operculum). Recent studies show that their family tree is messier than expected, with genetic evidence sugg ...

.Bouchet, P. (2014). Margarya G. Nevill, 1877. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=758767 on 2014-12-10

Taxonomy

The genus ''Margarya'' was described by Nevill (1877) based on shells of the type species collected by A.R. Margary from Lake Erhai, the type locality of '' Margarya melanioides''. Based on shell and radular morphology, Tchang & Tsi (1949) revised this genus for the first time and recognized seven distinct species. He created two subgenera of ''Margarya'', viz '' Tchangmargarya'' and ''Mabillemargarya''. The first molecular phylogeny showed that the genus ''Margarya'' is

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

and divided into three distinct clades. Combining study of comparative morphology and molecular phylogeny, Zhang ''et al''. revised the systematics of ''Margarya'' and recognized eight genuine extant species. However, only four species were found belonging to ''Margarya'' s. str., the rest species belonging to distinct genus '' Tchangmargarya'' or ''

Anularya ''Anularya'' is a genus of large operculum (gastropod), operculate freshwater snails, Aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the family Viviparidae. Distribution The extant species of this genus appear to be endemic to Fuxian Lake, Xingy ...

''.

Distribution

This genus appear to be endemic to

Dian Lake Dian Lake (), also known as Dianchi, Dianchi Lake, Lake Dian and Kunming Lake, is a fault lake located on the Puduhe- Xishan fault in Kunming, Yunnan, China at 24°23′–26°22′ N, 102°10′–103°40′ E. Its nickname is the "Sparkling ...

Erhai Lake Erhai or Er Lake (), is an alpine fault lake in Dali City, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan province, China. Erhai was also known as Yeyuze () or Kunming Lake () in ancient times. Etymology The character "洱" (er) does not have the same meaning as ea ...

, Cibi Lake, Jianhu Lake, Xihu Lake, and

Lugu Lake Lugu Lake () is located in the northwest of the Yunnan plateau, with the middle of the lake forming the border between the Ninglang County of Yunnan Province and the Yanyuan County of Sichuan Province. The formation of the lake is thought to ...

Yunnan Province Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...

in the

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

Species

There are 4 extant species and 4 fossil species of ''Margarya'' s. str. '' Margarya bicostata'' and '' Margarya mansuyi'' are transferred to ''

''. '' Margarya yangtsunghaiensis'' is transferred to '' Tchangmargarya''. Species within the genus ''Margarya'' include 8 species: *(extant) '' Margarya francheti'' (Mabille, 1886) *(extant) '' Margarya melanioides'' Nevill, 1877 - type species *(extant) '' Margarya monodi'' (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1905) *(extant) '' Margarya oxytropoides'' (Heude, 1889)Heude P. M. (1882–1890). Notes sur les mollusques terrestres de la Vallée du Fleuve Bleu. ''Mémoires concernant l′histoire naturelle de l′Empire chinois'' 1: 1–188. *(fossil) '' Margarya spinicostata'' Li, 1987 *(fossil) '' Margarya angulata'' Li, 1987 *(fossil) '' Margarya nana'' Huang, 1986 *(fossil) '' Margarya nanningensis'' Tian, Fuersich & Schneider 2013 Species brought into synonymy: *''Margarya carinata'' (Neumayr, 1887): synonym of '' Margarya melanioides'' Nevill, 1877 *''Vivipara delavayi'' (Mabille, 1886): synonym of '' Margarya melanioides'' Nevill, 1877 *''Margarya tropidophora'' (Mabille, 1886): synonym of '' Margarya francheti'' (Mabille, 1886) *''Cipangopaludina dianchiensis'' Zhang, 1990: synonym of '' Margarya oxytropoides'' (Heude, 1889) *''Margarya melanioides dianchiensis'' Huang, 2007: synonym of '' Margarya oxytropoides'' (Heude, 1889) *''Margarya elongata'' Tchang & Tsi, 1949: synonym of '' Margarya monodi'' (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1905) *''Margarya tchangsii'' Xia, 1982: synonym of '' Margarya monodi'' (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1905) *''Margarya yangtsunghaiensis'' Tchang & Tsi, 1949: synonym of '' Tchangmargarya yangtsunghaiensis'' (Tchang & Tsi, 1949) *''Margarya yini'' (Tchang & Tsi, 1982): synonym of '' Margarya monodi'' (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1905)

Cladogram

The cladogram based on sequences of mitochondrial

16S ribosomal RNA 16S ribosomal RNA (or 16 S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome ( SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure. The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S ...

and cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI), and nuclear ITS2 genes showing the phylogenic relationships of the genus ''Margarya'' indicates that ''Margarya'' is

. Margarya as traditionally delimited decayed into three distinct clades. The sister lineages of two of these clades are representatives from different viviparid genera, which are widely distributed in East and Southeast Asian rivers and lakes. These predominantly riparian viviparids also differ markedly in their shell morphology. Herein only genus-level phylogenic relationship is given, whereas relationship between lower taxonomic units deserve further study.

References

External links

Photo of ''Margarya melanoides'' with background of the lake
* Kobelt W. (1909). "Die Gattung ''Paludina'' Lam. (''Vivipara'' Montfort) (Neue Folge). In Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen". ''Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz'', Nürnberg, 1(21a): pp
97
430, plates 15–77.
page 187
193
table 37
39. * *Yen T. C. (1943). "A preliminary revision of the Recent species of Chinese Viviparidae". ''

The Nautilus ''Nautilus'' is the fictional submarine belonging to Captain Nemo featured in Jules Verne's novels ''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas'' (1870) and '' The Mysterious Island'' (1875). Description ''Nautilus'' is described by Verne as ...

'' 56
124
130. {{Taxonbar, from=Q6122947 Viviparidae Gastropod genera