''Synbranchus marmoratus'', the marbled swamp eel, neotropical swamp eel, marmorated swamp eel, mottled swamp eel, zange, or muçum is a

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

swamp eel The swamp eels (also written "swamp-eels") are a family (biology), family (Synbranchidae) of freshwater eel-like fishes of the tropics and subtropics. Most species are able to breathe air and typically live in marshes, ponds and damp places, som ...

native to Central and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...

, including the island of

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger, more populous island of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the country. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is the southernmost island in ...

and Grenada.

Description

The marbled swamp eel has an elongated cylindrical body and can grow to a maximum length of about , although a more normal adult length is . The dorsal and anal fins are vestigial and the paired pectoral and pelvic fins are missing altogether. The lining of the mouth is rich in blood vessels and provides an additional surface for gas exchange when the swamp eel breathes air.

Ecology

When in water, the marbled swamp eel is able to use its fully functional gills to breathe, whereas on land it can breathe with the lining of the mouth and pharynx. It is a nocturnal predator and feeds on any small prey in its environment such as frogs, tadpoles, fish, spiders, insects and other invertebrates. It moves through dense vegetation on river banks, searches shallow water areas for prey and descends into burrows to find concealed animals. When on land it lives in a burrow, and tunnels more deeply as the ground becomes drier so as to keep below the water table. In the laboratory, these eels have remained alive in drying-out burrows for over six months, moving about through the tunnels. The marbled swamp eel is one of the few fish found up-river of large waterfalls and is a major predator of

tadpole A tadpole or polliwog (also spelled pollywog) is the Larva, larval stage in the biological life cycle of an amphibian. Most tadpoles are fully Aquatic animal, aquatic, though some species of amphibians have tadpoles that are terrestrial animal, ...

s in locations that other fish cannot access. It is a sequential hermaphrodite, and this is an advantage when it colonises new areas or encounters severe habitats. Juvenile fish can be either male, known as a primary male, or female. Females transition into male fish, known as secondary males, at a length of between . Secondary males can be told from primary males by examination of their gonads. The male digs a burrow and guards the nest.

References

{{Authority control Synbranchidae Freshwater fish of Nicaragua Fish of Lake Nicaragua Taxa named by Marcus Elieser Bloch Fish described in 1795