In the

Muslim world The terms Islamic world and Muslim world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs, politics, and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is ...

, the marabout () is a descendant of Muhammad (Arabic: سـيّد,

romanized In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, ...

: ''sayyid'' and ''sidi'' in the

Maghreb The Maghreb (; ), also known as the Arab Maghreb () and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world. The region comprises western and central North Africa, including Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. The Maghreb al ...

) and a

Muslim Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...

religious leader and teacher who historically had the function of a chaplain serving as a part of an Islamic army, notably in

North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...

and the

Sahara The Sahara (, ) is a desert spanning across North Africa. With an area of , it is the largest hot desert in the world and the list of deserts by area, third-largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Ar ...

region, in

West Africa West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Gha ...

, and historically in the

. The marabout is often a scholar of the

Quran The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...

, or religious teacher. Others may be wandering holy men who survive on

alms Alms (, ) are money, food, or other material goods donated to people living in poverty. Providing alms is often considered an act of Charity (practice), charity. The act of providing alms is called almsgiving. Etymology The word ''alms'' come ...

or as

spiritual director Spiritual direction is the practice of being with people as they attempt to deepen their relationship with the divinity, divine, or to learn and grow in their personal spirituality. The person seeking direction shares stories of their encounters ...

s of Muslim religious communities, often as '' muršid'' ("guide") of

Sufi orders A ''tariqa'' () is a religious order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking , which translates as "ultimate truth". A tariqa has a (guide) who plays the r ...

. The term "marabout" is also used for the

mausolea A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be considered a type of ...

of such religious leaders (cf. '' maqām'', '' mazār'', in

Palestine Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia. Recognized by International recognition of Palestine, 147 of the UN's 193 member states, it encompasses the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and th ...

also '' walī/velī'').

West Africa

Muslim religious teachers

COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een marabout TMnr 20031376

Muslim Sufi brotherhoods were one of the main organizing forms of

Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

in precolonial

, and with the spread of

Sufism Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are r ...

into the area, the marabout's role combined with local practices throughout

Senegambia The Senegambia (other names: Senegambia region or Senegambian zone,Barry, Boubacar, ''Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade'', (Editors: David Anderson, Carolyn Brown; trans. Ayi Kwei Armah; contributors: David Anderson, American Council of Le ...

, the Niger River Valley, and the

Futa Jallon Fouta Djallon (, , ; ) is a highland region in the center of Guinea, roughly corresponding with Middle Guinea, in West Africa. Etymology The Fulani people call the region Fuuta-Jaloo ( ) in the Pular language. 'Futa' is a Fula word for any re ...

. Here, Sufi Muslim believers follow a marabout, elsewhere known as a '' muršid'' ("guide"). The term ''marabout'' was also adopted by French colonial officials, and applied to most any

imam Imam (; , '; : , ') is an Islamic leadership position. For Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslims, Imam is most commonly used as the title of a prayer leader of a mosque. In this context, imams may lead Salah, Islamic prayers, serve as community leaders, ...

, Muslim teacher, or secular leader who appealed to the Islamic tradition. Today marabouts can be traveling holy men men who survive on

, religious teachers who take in young

talibes A talibé (also spelled ''talibe'', plural ''talibés''; , 'student'; pl. ) is a boy, usually from Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Chad, Mali or Mauritania, who studies the Quran at a daara (West African equivalent of madrasa). This ...

at Quranic schools, or distinguished Muslim religious leaders and scholars, both in and out of the Sufi brotherhoods which dominate the Islamic spiritual life in

. In the Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal, marabouts are organized in elaborate hierarchies; the highest marabout of the

Mouride The Mouride brotherhood (, ''aṭ-Ṭarīqat al-Murīdiyyah'' or simply , ''al-Murīdiyyah'') is a large ''tariqa'' (Sufism, Sufi order) most prominent in Senegal and The Gambia with headquarters in the city of Touba, which is a holy city for t ...

s, for example, has been elevated to the status of a "

caliph A caliphate ( ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with Khalifa, the title of caliph (; , ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of ...

" or " ruler of the faithful" (''Amir al-Mu'minin''). Older,

n-based Sufi brotherhoods such as the

Tijaniyyah The Tijjani order () is a Sufi Tariqa, order of Sunni Islam named after Ahmad al-Tijani. It originated in Algeria but now more widespread in Maghreb, West Africa, particularly in Senegal, The Gambia, Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Niger, ...

and the

Qadiriyyah The Qadiriyya () or the Qadiri order () is a Sunni Sufi order (''Tariqa'') founded by Abdul Qadir Gilani (1077–1166, also transliterated ''Jilani''), who was a Hanbali scholar from Gilan, Iran. The order, with its many sub-orders, is wides ...

base their structures on respect for teachers and religious leaders who, south of the Sahara, often are called ''marabouts''. Those who devote themselves to

prayer File:Prayers-collage.png, 300px, alt=Collage of various religionists praying – Clickable Image, Collage of various religionists praying ''(Clickable image – use cursor to identify.)'' rect 0 0 1000 1000 Shinto festivalgoer praying in front ...

or study, either based in communities, religious centers, or wandering in the larger society, are named ''marabouts''. In

Senegal Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. It borders Mauritania to Mauritania–Senegal border, the north, Mali to Mali–Senegal border, the east, Guinea t ...

and

Mali Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the List of African countries by area, eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over . The country is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east b ...

, these marabouts rely on donations to live. Often there is a traditional bond to support a specific marabout that has accumulated over generations within a family. Marabouts normally dress in traditional West African robes and live a simple, ascetic life.

Syncretic spiritualists

The spread in

sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lie south of the Sahara. These include Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa, and West Africa. Geopolitically, in addition to the list of sovereign states and ...

of the marabout's role from the 8th through 13th centuries created in some places a mixture of roles with pre-Islamic priests, local

healers Alternative medicine refers to practices that aim to achieve the healing effects of conventional medicine, but that typically lack biological plausibility, testability, repeatability, or supporting evidence of effectiveness. Such practices ar ...

, and

diviners Divination () is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic ritual or practice. Using various methods throughout history, diviners ascertain their interpretations of how a should proceed by reading signs, ...

. Thus, many fortune tellers and self-styled spiritual guides take the name ''marabout'', something rejected by more orthodox Muslims and Sufi brotherhoods alike. The recent diaspora of West Africans (to

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

in particular) has brought this tradition to Europe and North America, where some marabouts advertise their services as fortune tellers. An

eshu Èṣù is a pivotal Òrìṣà/Irúnmọlẹ̀ in the Yoruba spirituality or Yoruba religion known as ìṣẹ̀ṣe. Èṣù is a prominent primordial Divinity (a delegated Irúnmọlẹ̀ sent by the Olódùmarè) who descended from Ìkọ̀l ...

Quimbanda Quimbanda, also spelled Kimbanda (), is an Afro-American religion, Afro-Brazilian religion practiced primarily in the urban city centers of Brazil. Quimbanda focuses on male spirits called ''exús'' as well as their female counterparts, ''pomba ...

, Marabô, is believed to have carried this esoteric and shamanic role into Brazil. Contemporary marabouts in Senegal advertise on television and have hot lines. *Liliane Kuczynski. Les marabouts africains à Paris. CNRS Editions, Paris (2003)
Magopinaciophilie
An article discussing Europeans who collect calling card like advertisements by "marabouts".
L'officiel du Marabout
Parisian advertisement collection.
Magopinaciophiles
A collection of French flyers.

Political influence

Pre-French colonization

Marabouts have been prominent members of

Wolof Wolof or Wollof may refer to: * Wolof people, an ethnic group found in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania * Wolof language, a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania * The Wolof or Jolof Empire, a medieval West African successor of the Mal ...

society since the arrival of Sufi brotherhoods from the Maghreb in the 15th century. Their advanced knowledge of the Quran and esteemed reputation have often allowed them to act as traders, priests, judges, or magicians in conjunction with their roles of community religious leaders. Additionally, because of their ability to read and write, village chiefs would frequently appoint marabouts as secretaries or advisers as a means to communicate with neighboring rulers. The marabouts' expanding influence in politics paired with their unique allegiance of the Muslim community eventually posed a real threat to the chiefs who had appointed them. In 1683, rising tensions between chiefs and the Muslim population led to a Muslim revolt in the Wolof kingdom of ''

Cayor The Cayor Kingdom (; ) was from 1549 to 1876 the largest and most powerful kingdom that split off from the Jolof Empire in what is now Senegal. The Cayor Kingdom was located in northern and central Senegal, southeast of Waalo, west of the kingdom ...

'', which concluded with the installation of a marabout as '' Damel''. In the years following the revolt, relations between marabouts and Wolof chiefs remained relatively calm until a period of militant Islam in the Wolof states in the middle of the 19th century. Militant marabouts primarily of Tukulor(l origin, called "warrior marabouts," completely rejected the authority of local chiefs and sought to install a theocratic Muslim state. As the authority of chiefs and royal armies were undermined by propaganda and military force used by the warrior marabouts, Muslim resistors turned to local marabouts for guidance and protection from their oppressors. After three decades of war and conflict, the warrior marabouts were gradually ousted from the Wolof states as French colonists began to take a tighter hold on the region. As confidence in the leadership abilities of chiefs and rulers declined as a result of the conflict, marabouts emerged as the most trusted and revered source of leadership in Wolof communities.

Post-French colonization

French colonizers had difficulties adjusting to ruling over Muslim societies. Particularly in West Africa, constructing institutions of colonial rule that did not favor certain constituencies while neglecting others proved to be a tricky task. The French opted for forms of indirect rule through the local aristocracy in an effort to maintain order and keep administrative costs down, but found that many subjects detested these colonial chiefs and rulers and tended to gravitate towards their local marabouts. Marabouts were admired for their transparency and righteousness as they were known to renounce political powers, while ensuring economic, social, and religious stability within their communities. Since the judgment of marabouts is so influential, the success or failure of a politician would be almost entirely contingent on the support of more prominent marabouts. Because of this, politicians would try to appease marabouts by agreeing to promote their Sufi brotherhood's best interests in turn for their endorsement, with some politicians believing that winning an election would be impossible without the support of a marabout. This political dynamic, based on patronage and exchanges, would lead to a somewhat of an alliance between marabouts and the French colonizers. Along with endorsing certain politicians in exchange for favors, French colonial administrators sought out marabouts and heads of Sufi brotherhoods to act as intermediaries between colonial administrators and West African Muslims to ensure appropriate allocation of power and resources to avoid any potential conflict.

Post-independence

After Senegal gained its independence from France in 1960, marabouts and leaders of Sufi Brotherhoods (also marabouts), or the ''Khalife-Général'', have continued to play influential roles in Senegalese politics. Some have questioned the utility of having clientelist relationships between marabouts and government officials in a modern democracy. The new "grandson" generation of marabouts has cultivated a more independent and secular political outlook and have proven that they are willing to question the authority of their predecessors. In Senegal's 1988 presidential election, ''Khalife-Général'' Abdou Lahatte Mbakke supported Abdou Diouf for reelection. Both as public endorsement and as a reward for installing new roads and street lamps in

Touba Touba (Hassaniya Arabic: , 'Felicity'; Wolof: Tuubaa) is a city in central Senegal, part of Diourbel Region and Mbacké district. With a population of 1,120,824 in 2023, it is the second most populated Senegalese city after Dakar. It is the h ...

while in office, the ''Khalife-Général'' declared a ''ndiggël'' (a binding command issued by the ''Khalife-Général'' to all members of the Mouride Brotherhood) that proclaimed that all men must vote for Diouf. Although multiple ''Khalife-Général'' have issued ndiggël politique''' in support of a presidential candidate in previous elections, several marabouts of the "grandson" generation openly rejected the command by voting for the opposition instead. These marabouts believed that the ''ndiggël'' violated their secular political rights, which was a sentiment shared among many other Mourides in Touba. In 1997, a rural council of Touba Mosquée in Senegal issued a set of new taxes meant to fund an ambitions development project in the holy city. City merchants promptly voiced their displeasure of the new taxes and threatened to kick the rural council, whose members were all appointed by the Mouride ''Khalife-Général,'' out of the city. Although tax revolts are not uncommon elsewhere, this incident was particularly noteworthy as the merchants' blatant refusal exhibited a departure from typical state-society relations in Senegal. Declining economic performance in Senegal may lead to more taxes in the future, which means political actors may have to adjust or fundamentally alter their clientelist relationships with marabouts and ''Khalife-Général''.

Maghreb

The term marabout appears during the

Muslim conquest of the Maghreb The conquest of the Maghreb by the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates commenced in 647 and concluded in 709, when the Byzantine Empire lost its last remaining strongholds to Caliph Al-Walid I. The North African campaigns were part of the century ...

. It is derived from the Arabic ''murābiṭ'' "one who is garrisoned": religious students and military volunteers who manned

ribat A ribāṭ (; hospice, hostel, base or retreat) is an Arabic term, initially designating a small fortification built along a frontier during the first years of the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb to house military volunteers, called ''murabitun' ...

s at the time of the conquest. Today, marabout means "saint" in the

Berber languages The Berber languages, also known as the Amazigh languages or Tamazight, are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They comprise a group of closely related but mostly mutually unintelligible languages spoken by Berbers, Berber communities, ...

and in general refers to Sufi Muslim teachers who head a lodge or school called a zāwiya associated with a specific school or tradition, called a "way, path" (). However, Charles de Foucauld and Albert Peyriguère, both living as Catholic

hermits A hermit, also known as an eremite (adjectival form: hermitic or eremitic) or solitary, is a person who lives in seclusion. Eremitism plays a role in a variety of religions. Description In Christianity, the term was originally applied to a Ch ...

among Berbers in the Maghreb, were called marabouts by the local population due to their saintly lives. The pronunciation of that word varies by language. For example, it is pronounced ''amrabadh'' in

Tarifit Tarifit (, ; ), also known as Riffian is a Zenati Berber language spoken in the Rif region in northern Morocco. It is spoken natively by some 1,200,000 Riffians, comprising 3.2% of the population, primarily in the Rif provinces of Nador, Al ...

. Marabouts are known as ''sidi'' () in

Maghrebi Arabic Maghrebi Arabic, often known as ''ad-Dārija'' to differentiate it from Literary Arabic, is a vernacular Arabic dialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb. It includes the Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Libyan, Hassaniya and Saharan Arabic di ...

. Many cities in Morocco got their names from local marabouts, and the name of those cities usually begins with "Sidi" followed by the name of the local marabout.

Modern Standard Arabic Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Modern Written Arabic (MWA) is the variety of Standard language, standardized, Literary language, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in some usages al ...

for "saint" is "

walī The term ''wali'' is most commonly used by Muslims to refer to a saint, or literally a "friend of God".John Renard, ''Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); John ...

" (). A marabout may also refer to a

tomb A tomb ( ''tumbos'') or sepulchre () is a repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes. Placing a corpse into a tomb can be called '' immurement'', alth ...

( ''

qubba A ''qubba'' (, pl. ''qubāb''), also transliterated as ḳubba, kubbet and koubba, is a cupola or domed structure, typically a tomb or shrine in Islamic architecture. In many regions, such as North Africa, the term ''qubba'' is applied commonly f ...

'' "dome") of a venerated saint, and such places have become holy centers and places of pious reflection.

Some Zāwiyas linked with specific marabouts

Note zāwiyas are not places of formal pilgrimage, which are limited in Islam to the

Hajj Hajj (; ; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for capable Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetim ...

and to

Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...

, but are rather places of reflection and inspiration for the pious.

Morocco

In Morocco: * Sidi Ali el Goumi * Sidi Rhaj Amar (Arabda) * Sidi Allal el Behraoui * Sidi Abdelah ben Hassoun * Sidi Moulay Idriss * Sidi fath * Sidi el Arbi ben sayyeh * Sidi Ahmed Tijani * Sidi Moulay Ali * Sidi Hajj Hamza Qadiri Boutchichi * Sidi Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani * Sidi Abdel Kader el Alami * Sidi Moulay Ibrahim * Sidi Mohammed Ben Aissa * Sidi Ahmed Ben Idris Al-Fassi (Idrissiya and Sanoussiya) * Ahmad u Musa * Sidi Abu Lhcen Shadili * Sidi Moulay Abdeslam ibn Mchich Alami (Jbala) * Sidi Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi * Sidi Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Jazuli al-Simlali * Sidi Abu Abdallah Mohammed Amghar * Sidi Abu Abdallah al-Qaim bi Amrillah * Sidi Muhammad ben Issa al-Barnusi al-Fasi Zarruq * Sidi Moulay Outman (Khaldy-yeen, Beni Arouse), Morocco * Sidi Mbarek (Khaldy-yeen, Beni Arouse), Morocco * Sidi Heddi (Khaldy-yeen, Beni Arouse), Morocco * (alternatively) Zawiyas: ** Zaouïa Naciria ** Zaouïa Cherqaouia ** Zaouia Aïssaouia ** Zaouia Tidjaniya ** Zaouia Idrissiya ** Zaouia Sanoussiya ** Zaouia Al Qadiriya ** Zaouia Al Alamiya ** Zaouia Jazouliya semlaliya ** Zaouia Hamdouchia ** Zaouia Sidi Outman (Khaldyeen, Beni Arouse), Morocco MaraboutToucouleur

Algeria

Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...

: * sidi Mohand Rezag Ou Assous from akfadou bejaia * Sidi Ahmed al Tijani of 'Aïn Madhi, around Laghouat Province founder of

* Sidi Ahmed ou Saïd du hameau Mestiga, village of Adeni in Kabylia (between Tizi Ouzou and L'Arbaâ Nath Irathen) *

Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Gashtuli al-Jurjuri al-Azhari Abu Qabrayn (; died in 1793/1794), mostly known as Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine () was a Berber ash'ari '' 'alim'', founder of the Rahmaniyya Sufi order and is one of the seven Patron Sain ...

Founder of the

Rahmaniya Jamia Rahmaniyya Islamiyya is an Islamic Institution based at Katameri in the district of Calicut, Kerala, India. Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal serves as the President and MT Abdullah Musliyar is the Principal. The Jamia Rahmaniyya Islamiyy ...

(

Algiers Algiers is the capital city of Algeria as well as the capital of the Algiers Province; it extends over many Communes of Algeria, communes without having its own separate governing body. With 2,988,145 residents in 2008Census 14 April 2008: Offi ...

and Bounouh) *

Sidi Abder Rahman El Thaelebi Abdul-Rahman al-Tha'alibi () (1384 CE/785 Hijri year, AH – 15 March 1479 CE/875 Hijri year, AH) was an Algerian Islamic scholar, Imam and Sufism, Sufi wali. Born near the town of Issers, Isser (86 km south east of Algiers), he was raised ...

, founder of the Thaalibiya (

) * Sidi M'hend oumalek (Tifrit nait oumalek) * Sidi Moh'Ali oulhadj ( Tifrit n'Aït el Hadj) * Sidi Harrat Benaissa El Idrissi (Zemmora, Relizane) * Sidi Abd-Allah ben Mançour * Sidi Abdelkader djilali (tizi-ouzou) * Sidi Abid Echerrif (Guentis) * Sidi Abou AbdAllah Ech Choudi El Halloui * Sidi A'hmed el Mejdoub * Sidi Bel Abbes (namesake of

Sidi Bel Abbès Sidi Bel Abbès (), also called Bel Abbès, is the capital''Sidi Bel Abbes'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article. of the Sidi Bel Abbès wilaya, Algeria. It is named after Sidi bel Abbass, a Muslim marabout or noble ...

) * Sidi Ben-Ali (Aïn el Hout - Tlemcen) * Sidi Ben-Ali (Nédromah) * Sidi Ben-Azzouz (Borj Ben Azzouz) * Sidi Bicinti el basco * Sidi Bou Adjami * Sidi Boudarga * Sidi Boudjemaa * Sidi Brahim * Sidi Daoudi * Sioud anta' El-Eubbad es-Saffi * Sidi En-Naceur * Sidi Et Toumi * Sidi Hamadouche * Sî ibn 'Alî Sharîf (Akbou) * Sidi Mohammed Ben Omar El Houari * Sidi Mohammed bou Semah'a, * Sidi Moh'amed Ou'l Il'afian. * Sidi Moulebhar * Sidi Qadir * Sidi Bel-Ezrag * Sidi Serhane * Sidi ghiles (tipaza) * Sidi Soumeymane Ben Abdallah * Zaouia de Sidi Benamar (Fillaoussenne) * Sidi-Wahhab * Sidi Yahia el Aidly (Akbou) * Sidi Yakkout * Oulad bel Kacem ''Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les annees 1840,1841,1842''
Volume 5, Imprimerie Nationale Publisher(1848).

Tunisia

Tunisia Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia also shares m ...

: * Zaouïa de Sidi Ben Azzouz. Nefta * Zaouïa de Sidi Bouteffaha. Béja * Zaouïa de Sidi Salah Zlaoui. Béja * Zaouïa de Sidi Abdelkader. Béja * Zaouïa de Sidi Bou Arba. Béja * Zaouïa de Sidi Taieb. Béja * Zaouïa de Sidi Baba Ali Smadhi. Béja * Zaouïa de Sidi Ali El Mekki * Zaouïa de Sidi El Mazri. Monastir * Zaouïa de Sidi Bou Jaafar. Sousse * Zaouïa de Sidi Abdel Hamid. Sousse

France

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

: * Sidi Bel Hadj El Maafi, French-Algerian imam and marabout who saved Jews during

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

References

* Christian Coulon, ''Pouvoir maraboutique et pouvoir politique au Sénégal'', Paris, Université de Paris, 1976, 2 vol. 594 p. (Thèse d’État, remaniée et publiée en 1981 sous le titre ''Le marabout et le prince. Islam et pouvoir au Sénégal'', Paris, Pedone, XII-317 p.) * Bassirou Diop, ''Le rôle joué par les marabouts toucouleurs dans l’islamisation du Sénégal'', Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1983 (Mémoire de Maîtrise) * Christopher Harrison. ''France and Islam in West Africa, 1860-1960'',

Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessme ...

(1988) * E. Westermarck, ''Ritual and Belief in Morocco''. London 1926. * Leonardo Alfonso Villalón. ''Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick'', Cambridge University Press, (1995) {{Authority control Maghreb Islam in Africa Religious leadership roles History of North Africa Islamic mysticism Religion in Africa French West Africa West Africa Arabic words and phrases Religious syncretism Islamic honorifics Marabouts -