Maqasid

''Maqasid'' (, ) or ''maqāṣid al-sharīʿa'' (goals or objectives of ''sharia'') is an Islamic legal doctrine. Together with another related classical doctrine, '' maṣlaḥa'' (), it has come to play an increasingly prominent role in modern times. The notion of ''maqasid'' was first clearly articulated by al-Ghazali (died 1111), who argued that ''maslaha'' was God's general purpose in revealing the divine law, and that its specific aim was preservation of five essentials of human well-being: religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property.

Although most classical-era jurists recognized ''maslaha'' and ''maqasid'' as important legal principles, they held different views regarding the role they should play in Islamic law. Some jurists viewed them as auxiliary rationales constrained by scriptural sources (Quran and hadith) and ''qiyas'' (analogical reasoning). Others regarded them as an independent source of law, whose general principles could override specific inferences based on the letter of scripture. While the latter view was held by a minority of classical jurists, in modern times it came to be championed in different forms by prominent scholars who sought to adapt Islamic law to changing social conditions by drawing on the intellectual heritage of traditional jurisprudence. These scholars expanded the inventory of ''maqasid'' to include such aims of sharia as reform and women's rights ( Rashid Rida); justice and freedom ( Mohammed al-Ghazali); and human dignity and rights ( Yusuf al-Qaradawi).

History

The jurist Imam Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (died 1388) also wrote on Maqasid Al-Sharia in his work ''Al-Muwafaqaat fi Usool al-Sharia''. He defined ''maqasid al-shariah'' as "the attainment of good, welfare, advantage, benefits and warding off evil, injury, loss of the creatures".Khan, M.F. and Ghifari, N.M. (1985), ''Shatibi's Objectives of Shariah and some Implications for Consumer Theory''. Islamabad: International Institute of Islamic Economics and International Islamic University. According to al-Shatibi, the legal ends of Islamic law "are the benefits intended by the law. Thus, one who keeps legal form while squandering its substance does not follow the law".

However, it was not until modern times that Islamic scholars have shown a renewed interest in the ''maqasid''. The scholarship began with the work of the Tunisian scholar Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur (died 1973 CE). Since the turn of the century, a number of Islamic scholars, including Mohammad Hashim Kamali, Professor Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee, Ahmed Raissouni, Mohamed El-Tahir El-Mesawi, Halim Rane, Jasser Auda, and Tariq Ramadan, have advocated the ''maqasid'' approach and contributed to its development.

Sheikh Muhammad Abu Zahra believed that Shariah was a "mercy to humanity" with three major goals: "nurturing the righteous individual", "establishing justice", and "realization of benefits". ()

In politics

On 10 July 2014, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak gave a speech calling for an end to conflict between Shia and Sunni. He stated that Malaysia can be an "example for other Muslim nations on what it means to be a progressive and developed nation based on the five objectives of Shariah – to uphold the faith, life, intellect, progeny and property". "Our government's policies have always been based on these five principles of ''maqasid shariah''... let us be an example of a Muslim country that is developed and progressive based on ''maqasid shariah''."

In Islamic finance

Islamic scholars working in Islamic finance have attempted to elaborate on the objective of wealth (''mal'') or financial transaction. A contemporary scholar (Laidin) postulates five objectives:

# continuity of the circulation of the wealth
# continuity of the investment of wealth
# achieving comprehensive communal prosperity
# financial transparency
# validation of financial ownership.Laidin, M.A. (2012). "The shariah objectives in contemporary sciences." http://www.amanieiconnect.com/library/featured-articles/item/32-the-shari%E2%80%99ah-objectives-Maqasid incontemporary-sciences

See also

* '' Al-Maqasid'' – an introductory book on Islamic principles

References

Citations

Sources

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* El-Mesawi, El-Tahir M., "Maqasid Al-Shari’ah: Meaning, Scope and Ramifications", in ‘’Al-Shajarah (ISTAC Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization)‘’, 2020, Vol. 25:2, pp. 263–295.
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* Kamali, Hashim, "Shari'a, Goals and Objectives of", in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), edited by Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. II, pp. 552–557.
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* {{cite encyclopedia , first=Farhat J. , last=Ziadeh , title=Uṣūl al-fiqh , encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World , editor=John L. Esposito , publisher=Oxford University Press , location=Oxford , year=2009 , doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001, isbn=9780195305135
Arabic words and phrases
Islamic terminology