Manuel Senante Martinez
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Manuel Senante Martínez (1873–1959) was a Spanish Traditionalist politician and publisher, until 1931 adhering to the
Integrist In politics, integralism, integrationism or integrism () is an interpretation of Catholic social teaching that argues the principle that the Catholic faith should be the basis of public law and public policy within civil society, wherever the ...
current and afterwards active in the
Carlist Carlism (; ; ; ) is a Traditionalism (Spain), Traditionalist and Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain, Don Carlos, ...
ranks. He is known mostly as the longtime editor-in-chief of the Madrid daily ''
El Siglo Futuro ''El Siglo Futuro'' was a Spanish traditionalist and integrist daily newspaper, published in Madrid between 1875 and 1936. Organisational history It was founded by the Carlist politician and thinker Cándido Nocedal; the first issue came out ...
'' (1907–1936). During 8 consecutive terms he served as the Integrist deputy to the
Cortes Cortes, Cortés, Cortês, Corts, or Cortès may refer to: People * Cortes (surname), including a list of people with the name ** Hernán Cortés (1485–1547), a Spanish conquistador Places * Cortes, Navarre, a village in the South border of ...
(1907–1923).


Family and youth

Manuel was born to a distinguished Alicantine family. His paternal grandfather, Manuel Senante Sala, was professor of Retórica y Poética at Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza of Alicante and its longtime director (1854–1889). His father, Emilio Senante Llaudes (died 1916), was in 1881–1909 teaching geography and history at the very same institute, in 1891–1904 also serving as its director. In 1907 he assumed directorship of the local Escuela Normal de Maestros. Senante Llaudes wrote a number of textbooks in history, fairly popular in secondary education across Levante. Apart from his educative posts, he was also active as a lawyer, periodista and local politician. His brother Francisco Senante Llaudes was a locally recognized composer and maestro. At unspecified time Senante Llaudes married a girl from Alicante, María Teresa Martínez Torrejón (died 1885). Her brother Antonio Martínez Torrejón would later become a locally known personality, deputy-mayor, poet and publisher, director of the local daily ''El eco de la provincia''. The couple had at least 3 children, Manuel born as the oldest one. His younger brother José died in infancy; another one, Joaquin, perished at 16 years of age. The young Manuel was brought up in a fervently Catholic ambience; in the 1890s he studied law in
Barcelona Barcelona ( ; ; ) is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second-most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within c ...
and
Madrid Madrid ( ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in Spain, most populous municipality of Spain. It has almost 3.5 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It i ...
. By the turn of the century, he returned to Alicante, launching his own career as a lawyer in 1897. Representing his clients in cases ranging from private to commercial law, he gradually grew to prominence and got engaged in politically sensitive cases, like a dispute over a forcibly closed local parish cemetery, speaking for the Alicantine San Nicolás community before the Supreme Court; in 1903 he was already one of the Alicante municipal judges. Manuel Senante married Josefa Esplá Rizo (1870–1957), daughter of the Alicantine merchant marine captain and also a local Alicantine municipal counselor. The couple had 6 daughters (3 of them became nuns) and a son,
Manuel Senante Esplá Manuel may refer to: People * Manuel (name), a given name and surname * Manuel (''Fawlty Towers''), a fictional character from the sitcom ''Fawlty Towers'' * Manuel I Komnenos, emperor of the Byzantine Empire * Manuel I of Portugal, king of Po ...
, also a Carlist activist. A lawyer, in the 1930s he defended in court individuals charged with engagement in
Sanjurjada Sanjurjada () was a military coup staged in Spain on August 10, 1932. It was aimed at toppling the government but not necessarily at toppling the Spanish Republic. Following brief clashes it was easily suppressed in Madrid. Hardly any action was r ...
. He followed in the footsteps of his father and entered the publishing business, serving as member of the board of ''El Siglo Futuro'' in the 1930s; during early Francoism he served as municipal judge in Madrid. Senante's daughter Immaculada married Francisco Urries, ''catedrático'' of philosophy in Madrid. The family initially lived at the estate of Santa Rosa in
San Juan San Juan, Spanish for Saint John (disambiguation), Saint John, most commonly refers to: * San Juan, Puerto Rico * San Juan, Argentina * San Juan, Metro Manila, a highly urbanized city in the Philippines San Juan may also refer to: Places Arge ...
, now a bedroom suburb of Alicante; in the early 20th century it moved permanently to Madrid.


Early career

Senante inherited ultraconservative political outlook from his ancestors. His grandfather was a subscriber of the Carlist daily ''
El Siglo Futuro ''El Siglo Futuro'' was a Spanish traditionalist and integrist daily newspaper, published in Madrid between 1875 and 1936. Organisational history It was founded by the Carlist politician and thinker Cándido Nocedal; the first issue came out ...
'' in the 1870s and in the 1880s, when the newspaper followed the breakaway
Integrist In politics, integralism, integrationism or integrism () is an interpretation of Catholic social teaching that argues the principle that the Catholic faith should be the basis of public law and public policy within civil society, wherever the ...
path; also his father engaged in politically loaded public disputes. Having completed academic period and driven principally by his profound religiosity, back in his home city Manuel threw himself into Alicantine public activities. He associated with the Conservative Party in 1897 and commenced his long editorial career first by contributing and later by running a local party
Andalusia Andalusia ( , ; , ) is the southernmost autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Peninsular Spain, located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomou ...
n daily, ''La Monarquía'' (1899–1900). He became active in numerous local Catholic initiatives, e.g. hosting Junta Organizadora for erection of the Century Cross in Alicante in 1901. Senante started to contribute to ''El Siglo Futuro'' himself in 1901, initially with short informative pieces. Already in 1902 he was hailed as “elocuentísimo abogado” and “uno de los católicos más firmes y decididos”. In the early 20th century Senante dissociated himself from the conservatives and approached Partido Católico Nacional, the Integrist political party; in 1903 he was already reported by the press as “joven abogado alicantino, integrista ayer”. The same year he tried his luck in
elections An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated ...
to the
Cortes Cortes, Cortés, Cortês, Corts, or Cortès may refer to: People * Cortes (surname), including a list of people with the name ** Hernán Cortés (1485–1547), a Spanish conquistador Places * Cortes, Navarre, a village in the South border of ...
, especially that according to some sources he was already one of the most influential personalities of the Right in the province. He stood as a candidate of Liga Católica, a newly formed electoral platform promoted by the Church in Spain. He fielded his candidature in the south-Levantine city of
Orihuela Orihuela (; ''Corpus Toponímic Valencià''. Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua. 2009, València.) is a city and municipality located at the foot of the Sierra de Orihuela mountains in the province of Alicante, Valencian Community, Spain. The c ...
, but was defeated by the famous liberal politician,
Francisco Ballesteros Francisco López BallesterosOman (1908) spells it Ballasteros. (7 March 1770 – 1833) was a Spanish army officer. Early career Ballesteros enlisted as a cadet in 1788 in the 1st Battalion of Volunteers of Aragón where, apart from a ten-month ...
. No source consulted mentions Senante as running in the 1905 elections. He engaged in setting up ''La Voz de Alicante'', the daily which first appeared in 1904 and which he managed as a director. The newspaper was formatted as a broad Catholic tribune, though its Integrist sympathies were evident. Senante was also active in local party structures; his formal position remains unclear, but in 1906 he was already representing the provincial Integrist junta. Apart from pure politics he joined a new initiative,
Acción Católica Catholic Action is a movement of lay people within the Catholic Church which advocates for increased Catholic influence on society. Catholic Action groups were especially active in the nineteenth century in historically Catholic countries under an ...
, later presiding over Círculo Obrero of this organization. Displaying some penchant for social issues Senante became member of Instituto de Reformas Sociales, promoted also by the conservative groupings into Instituto Nacional de Previsión; within this structure he entered Consejo de Patronato and represented it within employers’ associations.


Deputy

Due to a chain of events following the death of Ramón Nocedal, in the 1907 electoral campaign Senante ran as Integrist candidate in
Gipuzkoa Gipuzkoa ( , ; ; ) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. Its capital city is Donostia-San Sebastián. Gipuzkoa shares borders with the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiqu ...
; though total alien to
Basque Basque may refer to: * Basques, an ethnic group of Spain and France * Basque language, their language Places * Basque Country (greater region), the homeland of the Basque people with parts in both Spain and France * Basque Country (autonomous co ...
political milieu he got safely elected, as
Azpeitia Azpeitia (meaning 'down the rock' in Basque language, Basque) is a town and Municipalities of Spain, municipality within the Provinces of Spain, province of Gipuzkoa, in the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country, Spain, located on ...
, a profoundly religious, conservative rural district, had been usually electing Traditionalist candidates. The 1907 triumph turned out to be the start of a fairly long parliamentary career, lasting for the next 16 years. Senante stood as an Integrist candidate from the same Azpeitia district in course of the following 7 election campaigns of
1910 Events January * January 6 – Abé people in the French West Africa colony of Côte d'Ivoire rise against the colonial administration; the rebellion is brutally suppressed by the military. * January 8 – By the Treaty of Punakha, t ...
,
1914 This year saw the beginning of what became known as the First World War, after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austrian throne was Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip ...
,
1916 Events Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix. January * January 1 – The British Empire, British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that has been stored ...
,
1918 The ceasefire that effectively ended the World War I, First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people wor ...
,
1919 Events January * January 1 ** The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the self-proclaimed "free city" of Pressburg (later Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of Czechoslovakia. ** HMY ''Iolaire'' sinks off th ...
,
1920 Events January * January 1 ** Polish–Soviet War: The Russian Red Army increases its troops along the Polish border from 4 divisions to 20. ** Kauniainen in Finland, completely surrounded by the city of Espoo, secedes from Espoo as its ow ...
and
1923 In Greece, this year contained only 352 days as 13 days was skipped to achieve the calendrical switch from Julian to Gregorian Calendar. It happened there that Wednesday, 15 February ''(Julian Calendar)'' was followed by Thursday, 1 March ' ...
, always emerging victorious. The mainstream Carlists usually refrained from fielding counter-candidates, though at times other parties presented their contenders; twice (in 1918 and 1920) Senante was declared triumphant having faced no competition and elected according to the notorious Article 29. During 3 terms until 1916 he was one of two Integrist MPs in the Cortes; during 5 terms after that date Senante was the sole party deputy in the parliament. As representative of Integrism Senante was perhaps the most Right-wing, reactionary and anti-democratic deputy of the entire Cortes; even other ultraconservative MPs, the mainstream Carlists, were to a small extent prepared to demonstrate some flexibility. Senante governed his actions by the principle of defending the sacrosanct Catholic religion, which marked the most visible thread of his activity: defending rights and privileges of the Church against secularization, usually promoted by the Liberals. He sided with the hierarchy both in case of nationwide disasters like Semana Trágica, the event he interpreted mostly in religious terms, and minor though publicity-gaining controversies, like a dispute over possible sale abroad of an antique Zamora pyxis, possessed by the Church. Having developed adopted Vascongadas allegiances, Senante was active in the extra-parliamentary commission on regional autonomy organized in 1918 and publishing related works. In general, he tended to vote with the Conservative Party against the Liberals, though at the later stages, especially after the assassination of José Canalejas, he even sided with the Liberals against the growing
anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy and Political movement, movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or Social hierarchy, hierarchy, primarily targeting the state (polity), state and capitalism. A ...
and
socialist Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...
tide. At times he represented Integrism in broad Catholic electoral alliances, formed under the auspices of the primate. By his liberal opponents he was described as an excessively passionate speaker but "a good man inside". Though he represented a competitive Integrist current of Traditionalism, in the early 1920s Senante worked to secure financial status of the Carlist prince Alfonso Carlos, who struggled against the Republican Austrian property regulations.


''El Siglo Futuro''

By the early 20th century Senante already had some experience as an editor, managing ''La Monarquia'' and especially ''La Voz de Alicante''. He kept steering the Alicantine daily when the death of Ramón Nocedal vacated the chairmanship of ''El Siglo Futuro''. The daily, set up in 1875 by Candidó Nocedal, remained a second-rate newspaper in terms of circulation and impact on the Spanish national market, but for ultraconservative politics it emerged as an iconic voice and a point of reference. Following an eight-month vacancy, in November 1907 it was Senante who appointed the new director. ''El Siglo Futuro'' remained under Senante's leadership for the next 29 years and was probably his lifetime achievement. For three decades Senante was its strategic director, editor and manager, setting the political line rather than contributing himself. Madrid-based, the daily was better positioned to trace national politics and influence decision makers than mainstream Carlist dailies, especially the Barcelona-based ''
El Correo Catalán EL, El or el may refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional entities * El, a character from the manga series ''Shugo Chara!'' by Peach-Pit * Eleven (''Stranger Things'') (El), a fictional character in the TV series ''Stranger Things'' * El, fami ...
'', the
Sevilla Seville ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Seville ...
-based '' La Unión'' and the Pamplona-based '' El Pensamiento Navarro''. Its readership base remained stable, composed mostly of lower parish clergy and Traditionalist activists. Though under Senante the paper underwent modernization with the introduction of graphics and expansion into economic, culture and sport sections, over time – especially in the 1920s and later – the circulation distance between ''El Siglo Futuro'' and leading national newspapers broadened into an abyss. In terms of ideological outlook Senante followed the Nocedals closely; ''El Siglo Futuro'' remained an ultraconservative, vehemently anti-liberal and then anti-democratic vehicle of pursuing traditional values centered on the Catholic faith. Its principal objective was defense of religion and position of the Church; its primary foe was liberalism, later to be paired with democracy and socialism. In terms of party politics the paper remained the tribune of Integrism and was perhaps its most visible emanation in the Spanish public realm; even following amalgamation within Carlism in the early 1930s ''El Siglo Futuro'' cherished its Integrist identity. In terms of its style and language ''El Siglo Futuro'' was a fairly typical Spanish party paper, excelling in bombastic, hyperbolic, inflammatory, intransigent, sectarian phraseology. The paper led a venomous campaign against the Jews and
freemasonry Freemasonry (sometimes spelled Free-Masonry) consists of fraternal groups that trace their origins to the medieval guilds of stonemasons. Freemasonry is the oldest secular fraternity in the world and among the oldest still-existing organizati ...
, though it did not advocate any specific measures. The official Spanish digital archive describes the late daily as fanatically fundamentalist, consumed by apocalyptic obsession and dubbed “a caveman”.


Dictatorship

Senante welcomed the fall of liberal democracy, deemed rotten with political corruption and unable to solve any of the problems facing the country. ''El Siglo Futuro'' greeted the coup as “el movimiento militar de Primo de Rivera, encaminado a la defensa de la realeza y del pueblo contra esta aristocracia caciquil del parlamentarismo”, which accomplished a long overdue task and generated “entusiasmo que el hecho histórico realizado por el Ejército despierta en España”. It was only gradually that the Integrists, their party dissolved, were getting disillusioned with inertia and lack of decisive change, demonstrated by the dictator. In 1926, prior to the plebiscite intended as endorsement of a future national assembly, ''El Siglo Futuro'' declared itself supportive of
Primo de Rivera Primo de Rivera is a Spanish family prominent in politics of the 19th and 20th centuries: *Fernando Primo de Rivera (1831–1921), Spanish politician and soldier *Miguel Primo de Rivera (1870–1930), nephew of Fernando, military officer and dictat ...
but firmly voiced against Unión Patriótica and its program, calling its readers to abstain from voting. Senante himself, though deprived of official means of political action, was appointed by the three Basque provinces as their informal representative in Madrid; nothing is known about his related activities. The dictatorship years witnessed major transformation of Spanish Catholicism. Senante opposed new
Christian-democratic Christian democracy is an ideology inspired by Christian social teaching to respond to the challenges of contemporary society and politics. Christian democracy has drawn mainly from Catholic social teaching and neo-scholasticism, as well a ...
format of mobilization already in the previous decade, first confronting
Luis Coloma Luis Coloma Roldán (1851–1915) was a Spanish writer, journalist and Jesuit. He is most known for creating the character of El Ratoncito Pérez. Coloma was a prolific writer of short stories and his complete works, which includes his novels, ...
but later targeting Grupo de la Democracia Cristiana and Maximiliano Arboleya. The conflict took an increasingly bitter turn in the late 1920s. Senante, who viewed social conflict as part of the religious question, despised democratic platform of policy making, its malmenorismo and accidentalism; in return, Arboleya dubbed Integrism “a Catholic freemasonry”. Though primate Segura called both parties to cease public polemics, the conflict spilled over to the early 1930s. Senante's relations with Herrera Oria remained correct, though apart from political differences, it was plagued by rivalry of two publishers. He entered Acción Católica executive in the early 1930s; his firm monarchical stance was increasingly incompatible with accidentalist position taken by Herrera. ''El Siglo Futuro'' had no regrets about Primo's fall, concluding melancholically that the dictator did not live up to the vote of confidence he had received from the nation. During the liberalization produced by ''
Dictablanda is a dictatorship in which civil liberties are allegedly preserved rather than destroyed, and authoritarian and democratic features are combined. The word is a pun on the Spanish word ("dictatorship"), replacing , which by itself is a word me ...
'', the Spanish Integrism re-emerged as a new political party,
Comunión Tradicionalista-Integrista Comunión (, or ) is a village and '' concejo'' located in the municipality of Lantarón, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with terri ...
; Senante became deputy head of the entire organization and signed a joint monarchist manifesto of 1930, published to defend Religion, Fatherland and Monarchy against the looming Republican threat.


Republic

Senante welcomed the
Republic A republic, based on the Latin phrase ''res publica'' ('public affair' or 'people's affair'), is a State (polity), state in which Power (social and political), political power rests with the public (people), typically through their Representat ...
with hardly veiled antipathy, which following quema de conventos turned into horror and enmity. Viewing anti-religious violence in apocalyptic terms, he advised intransigence to cardinal Segura, which in turn cost the primate expulsion from republican Spain. As the two had already developed close relationship, Senante engaged actively in a campaign defending the exiled primate. By the end of 1931 he clashed with the
papal nuncio An apostolic nuncio (; also known as a papal nuncio or simply as a nuncio) is an ecclesiastical diplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or to an international organization. A nuncio is a ...
Tedeschini, accusing him of inaction and conspiring to get the envoy recalled to
Vatican Vatican may refer to: Geography * Vatican City, an independent city-state surrounded by Rome, Italy * Vatican Hill, in Rome, namesake of Vatican City * Ager Vaticanus, an alluvial plain in Rome * Vatican, an unincorporated community in the ...
; the events forged an even closer friendship between Senante and Segura. In 1932 he publicly presented the doctrine of disobedience to the Republic, publishing his ''Cuestiones candentes de adhesión'' and growing into a key theorist of violent resistance against the Republic. Since late 1920 Senante and the Integrists approached the Jaimistas, and already in the spring of 1931 he publicly spoke in favor or a reunification; later that year he joined a group of mainstream Carlists representing Don Jaime in dynastical negotiations with the deposed
Alfonso XIII Alfonso XIII (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena''; French language, French: ''Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon''; 17 May ...
. He demonstrated no hesitation when forming the united Carlist organization,
Comunión Tradicionalista The Traditionalist Communion (, CT; , ) was one of the names adopted by the Carlist movement as a political force since 1869. History In October 1931, Carlist claimant to the Spanish throne Duke Jaime died. He was succeeded by the 82-year-old ...
. In 1932 Senante entered Junta Suprema Tradicionalista, executive of the new party, representing Levante and Andalusia. He also joined managing board of Editorial Tradicionalista, a company taking ownership of ''El Siglo Futuro'', and together with fellow ex-integrist Lamamié dominated within the body, triggering grumblings about Integrist domination in the party. The board was reconstituted by
Tomás Domínguez Arévalo Tomás Domínguez Arévalo, 6th Count of Rodezno, 12th Marquis of San Martin (1882–1952) was a Spanish Carlist and Francoist politician. He is known mostly as the first Francoist Minister of Justice (1938–1939). He is also recognised for ...
by the end of 1933, though ''El Siglo Futuro'' retained a dose of independence until 1935. In terms of electoral tactics Senante made a U-turn. Initially he favored an alliance with the
Alfonsino The alfonsino (''Beryx decadactylus''), also known as the alfonsin, longfinned beryx, red bream, or imperador, is a species of deepwater berycid fish of the order Beryciformes. It can be found in temperate and subtropical ocean waters nearly wor ...
s and became a leading figure in Acción Nacional; once the coalition assumed an accidentalist tone and got infected by Christian-democratic style he turned firmly against it, growing into one of the most outspoken Carlist opponents of collaboration within either TYRE or later Bloque Nacional. He was also increasingly disappointed by nationalist turn of the Basque campaign; despite his Restauración and dictatorship defense of Vascongadas fueros, Senante viewed the autonomous campaign with suspicion. He tried to resume parliamentarian career not in Gipuzkoa but in his native Alicante; outmaneuvered during coalition talks he ran as independent and was defeated both in
1933 Events January * January 11 – Australian aviator Sir Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand. * January 17 – The United States Congress votes in favour of Philippines independen ...
and
1936 Events January–February * January 20 – The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King Edward VIII, following the death of his father, George V, at Sandringham House. * January 28 – Death and state funer ...
. In 1934 Senante successfully launched the candidature of ex-fellow Integrist
Manuel Fal Conde Manuel Fal Conde, 1st Duke of Quintillo (10 August 1894 – 20 May 1975) was a Spanish Catholic activist and a Carlist politician. He is recognized as a leading figure in the history of Carlism, serving as its political leader for over 20 years ...
as a party leader; despite the age difference the two developed lasting cordial relationship. The same year, together with party pundits like Jesús Comín, he entered Consejo de Cultura de la Comunión, a body within the movement entrusted with diffusion of the ideology; in 1935, when Fal was officially appointed Jefe Delegado, Senante entered his auxiliary governing body, Council of the Communion. Early 1936 he co-drafted a document issued later by Don Alfonso Carlos, in case of his death appointing Don Javier as the Carlist regent.


War and Francoism

It is not clear to what extent Senante participated in the Carlist plot against the Republic. During the July 1936 coup he was in
Valencia Valencia ( , ), formally València (), is the capital of the Province of Valencia, province and Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Valencian Community, the same name in Spain. It is located on the banks of the Turia (r ...
, where the rebels failed. He avoided almost certain incarceration by seeking refuge in a foreign diplomatic mission and eventually made it to the Nationalist zone in the summer of 1937, installing himself first at the Olazábals’ estate in
San Sebastián San Sebastián, officially known by the bilingual name Donostia / San Sebastián (, ), is a city and municipality located in the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain. It lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay, from the France–Spain border ...
, later in 1938 moving to
Vitoria Vitoria or Vitória may refer to: People * Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1483–1546), a Spanish Renaissance theologian * Alberto Vitoria (1956–2010), Spanish footballer * Rui Vitória (born 1970), Portuguese retired footballer * Sofia Vitória ( ...
. When trapped in the Republican zone Senante was unable to participate in internal Carlist disputes related to amalgamation into FET, but afterwards, when nominated member of Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra, he adopted a hostile stand. Though he considered re-launching ''El Siglo Futuro'', he eventually abandoned the idea, unwilling to see his opus magnum integrated into the
Francoist Francoist Spain (), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (), or Nationalist Spain () was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death i ...
propaganda machine. In 1941 he could have been involved in a plot against
Franco Franco may refer to: Name * Franco (name) * Francisco Franco (1892–1975), Spanish general and dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975 * Franco Luambo (1938–1989), Congolese musician, the "Grand Maître" * Franco of Cologne (mid to late 13th cent ...
, which left him injured in a related car accident. In 1942 he refused advances of the Juanistas and preferred to enter Junta Auxiliar, a body loyal to the Carlist regent-claimant Don Javier; the same year he signed a statement condemning the regime described as “intruso y usurpador”. This declaration was followed in 1943 by a letter delivered to Franco by general Vigón and demanding restoration of monarchy, forming of a regency, suppression of partido unico and restoration of civic rights; one scholar describes Senante of that day as “feroce integrista”. Early 1944 he spoke against the pro-
Axis An axis (: axes) may refer to: Mathematics *A specific line (often a directed line) that plays an important role in some contexts. In particular: ** Coordinate axis of a coordinate system *** ''x''-axis, ''y''-axis, ''z''-axis, common names ...
leaning of the Spanish foreign policy and later that year, during a clandestine 1944 monarchist meeting in Seville, he voted in favor of an attempt to overthrow Franco. In 1947 he took part in the first nationwide meeting of the Carlist executive since 1937, supporting intransigent course adopted by Fal and re-establishment of a new Concejo Nacional. None of the sources consulted provides any information on Senante's public activities after 1947; it seems that due to his age he started to withdraw from politics, still loyal to Don Javier as the Carlist regent and to Manuel Fal as the Carlist political leader. As late as in the mid-1950s in a letter to Franco he confirmed that "we, the Traditionalists" could never integrate in FET, the party founded on principles which remain unacceptable to the Communion. He remained on friendly terms with the primate, cardinal Segura, especially as in the 1940s Carlism enjoyed probably best-ever relations with the Spanish Catholic hierarchy, since the 1830s at best lukewarm towards the movement. Member of a number of religious associations, Senante was also lawyer of the
Roman Rota The Roman Rota, formally the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota (), and anciently the Apostolic Court of Audience, is the highest appellate tribunal of the Catholic Church, with respect to both Latin Church members and the Eastern Catholic m ...
, though his personal relations with Vatican suffered due to mutual antagonism with cardinal Tedeschini. In 1959, two weeks before death, he was applauded by the Francoist press as a nestor of Spanish journalism when awarded the hijo predilecto title by the city of Alicante.''ABC'' 13.06.59, availabl
here
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See also

*
Carlism Carlism (; ; ; ) is a Traditionalism (Spain), Traditionalist and Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain, Don Carlos, ...
*
Integrism (Spain) Integrism was a Spanish political philosophy of the late 19th and early 20th century. Rooted in ultraconservative Catholic groupings like Neocatólicos, Neo-Catholics or Carlists, the Integrists represented the most right-wing formation of the R ...
*
El Siglo Futuro ''El Siglo Futuro'' was a Spanish traditionalist and integrist daily newspaper, published in Madrid between 1875 and 1936. Organisational history It was founded by the Carlist politician and thinker Cándido Nocedal; the first issue came out ...
*
Juan Olazábal Ramery Juan Olazábal Ramery (1863–1937) was a Spanish Traditionalism (Spain), Traditionalist politician, first as a Carlist, then as an Integrism (Spain), Integrist, and eventually back in the Carlist ranks. In 1899-1901 he served in the Cortes Gene ...


Footnotes


Further reading

* Cristina Barreiro Gordillo, ''El Carlismo y su red de prensa en la Segunda República'', Madrid 2003, * Martin Blinkhorn, ''Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931–1939'', Cambridge 1975, *
Eduardo González Calleja Eduardo González Calleja (born 1962) is a Spanish historian, professor of Contemporary History at the Charles III University of Madrid (UC3M). He is the author of a long list of scholar works dealing with political violence. Biography He was ...
, ''La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931–1937)'', n:''El Argonauta Espanol'' 9 (2012) * ''Manuel Senante Martínez'' n:Javier Paniagua, José A. Piqueras (eds.), ''Diccionario biográfico de políticos valencianos: 1810–2006'', Valencia 2008, * Isabel Martín Sánchez, ''La campaña antimasónica en El Siglo Futuro'', n:''Historia y Comunicación Social'' 1999 * Santiago Martínez Sánchez, ''El Cardenal Pedro Segura y Sáenz (1880–1957)'', hD thesis at Universidad de Navarra Pamplona 2002 * Antonio Manuel Moral Roncal, ''La cuestión religiosa en la Segunda República española. Iglesia y carlismo'', Madrid 2009,


External links


''La Voz de Alicante'' by Biblioteca virtual

''El Siglo Futuro'' by Spanish Ministry of Education

''El Siglo Futuro'' by Hemeroteca Digital

Senante at ''Historical Index of Deputies''

Senante at ''euskomedia''

''Por Dios y por España'', contemporary Carlist propaganda
{{DEFAULTSORT:Senante Martinez, Manuel 1873 births 1959 deaths 20th-century Spanish businesspeople Carlists Members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain) People from Alicante Popular Action (Spain) politicians Regionalism (politics) Spanish anti-communists 20th-century Spanish lawyers Spanish monarchists Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)