Manuel Fontanals (1893–1972) was a

Catalonian Catalans (Catalan, French and Occitan: ''catalans''; es, catalanes, Italian: ''catalani'', sc, cadelanos) are a Romance ethnic group native to Catalonia, who speak Catalan. The current official category of "Catalans" is that of the citiz ...

Spanish-born art director who settled and worked in Mexico during the

Golden Age of Mexican cinema The Golden Age of Mexican cinema ( es, Época de Oro del Cine Mexicano) is a period in the history of the Cinema of Mexico between 1930 and 1969 when the Mexican film industry reached high levels of production, quality and economic success of its ...

Early years

The son of the cabinetmaker Tomàs Fontanals i Sivilla and his mother Rosa Mateu, Manolo 'Manuel' Fontanals began work at his father's workshop in Paris, where he lived with his family until 1914. He returned to Catalonia and settled in Barcelona, studying at the academy of painter

Francesc d'Assís Galí Francesc () is a masculine given name of Catalan origin. It is a cognate of Francis, Francesco, Francisco, François, and Franz. People with the name include: * Cesc Fàbregas (Francesc Fàbregas i Soler) (born 1987), Spanish professional football ...

, and working with the sculptor

Esteve Monegal Prat Esteve is a Spanish international pharmaceutical company headquartered in Barcelona. Since its founding in 1929, Esteve has extended its commercial activity to more than 100 countries around the world. History The company's origins date back to ...

and the architect

Josep Puig i Cadafalch Josep Puig i Cadafalch (; Mataró, 17 October 1867 – Barcelona, 21 December 1956) was a Catalan '' Modernista'' architect who designed many significant buildings in Barcelona, and a politician who had a significant role in the development of ...

. He enrolled squarely between the shift from the Modernisme movement to the Noucentisme cultural movement. Around that time he decorated the Canaletes Café. In 1917 he began working in scenography for the "Teatro del Arte" of

Gregorio Martínez Sierra Gregorio Martínez Sierra (6 May 1881 – 1 October 1947) was a Spanish writer, poet, dramatist, and theatre director, a key figure in the revival of the Spanish theatrical avant-garde in the early twentieth century. Work as a poet and playwr ...

in Madrid, where he learned from the masters

Sigfrido Burmann Sigfrido Burmann or Siegfried Burmann (1891–1980) was a German-born Spanish art director.Mira p.249 He was the father of Wolfgang Burmann, who also became an art director. Selected filmography * '' White Mission'' (1946) * '' Ninety Minutes'' ...

and

Fernando Mignoni Monticelli Fernando is a Spanish and Portuguese given name and a surname common in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Switzerland, former Spanish or Portuguese colonies in Latin America, Africa, the Philippines, India, and Sri Lanka. It is equivalent to the Ge ...

. In 1919 he traveled to Germany to complete his knowledge of this art and found influences in Expressionism.Manuel Fontanals
a margaridaxirgu.es When he returned, he combined his work with Martínez Sierra, with the scenography at the Gran Teatre del Liceu, distinguished by his fanciful and original decorations. In 1924 he worked in Milan with the Teatro del Convengno where he collaborated with Gabriele D'Annunzio and staged works by

Carlo Goldoni Carlo is a given name. It is an Italian form of Charles. It can refer to: *Carlo (name) *Monte Carlo *Carlingford, New South Wales, a suburb in north-west Sydney, New South Wales, Australia *A satirical song written by Dafydd Iwan about Prince Char ...

and

Luigi Pirandello Luigi Pirandello (; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power ...

. In 1925 he went to Paris fulfilling commissions from the theatrical companies of the Odéon, the Opera and the Palace; as well as collaborating with the architect

Pascual Bravo Sanfeliú Pascual is a Spanish given name and surname, cognate of Italian name Pasquale, Portuguese name Pascoal and French name Pascal. In Catalan-speaking area (including Andorra, Valencia, and Balearic islands) Pascual has the variant Pasqual. Pa ...

on a hexagonal kiosk of whimsical shapes for the Spanish Pavilion at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris in 1925. He also collaborated in the preliminaries of the Barcelona International Exhibition of 1929 and in the construction of the Poble Espanyol in Montjuïc (Barcelona), while making sets for the company of Jaume Borràs i Oriol, illustrating books by

and making theater posters. During the 1930s he worked for

Jacinto Benavente Jacinto Benavente y Martínez (12 August 1866 – 14 July 1954) was one of the foremost Spanish dramatists of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1922 "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious ...

Margarida Xirgu Margarita Xirgu Subirá (18 June 1888, Molins de Rei, Barcelona, Spain – 25 April 1969, Montevideo, Uruguay), also Margarida Xirgu, was a Spanish stage actress, who was greatly popular throughout her country and Latin America. A frie ...

Federico García Lorca Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936), known as Federico García Lorca ( ), was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblemat ...

and Cipriano Rivas Cheriff. From October 1933 to March 1934 he traveled through South America with the company of Lola Membrives presenting works by García Lorca. In early 1936 he worked in Madrid for

Rafael Alberti Rafael Alberti Merello (16 December 1902 – 28 October 1999) was a Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27. He is considered one of the greatest literary figures of the so-called ''Silver Age'' of Spanish Literature, and he won nume ...

's Nueva Escena group. Upon learning of the arrest and murder of

Federico Franco Luis Federico Franco Gómez (born 24 July 1962) is a Paraguayan politician who was President of Paraguay from June 2012 until August 2013. A member of the Authentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA), he was elected as Vice President of Paraguay in th ...

's insurgents he chose to go into exile.

Mexican Exile

At the end of 1936 Manuel left for Latin America under an assumed name with the theater company of

Josefina Díaz Artigas Josefina is a female name, a feminine form of Joseph. It may refer to: *Josefina Passadori, Argentine writer * Josefina Lopez, Chicana playwright * Josefina Pla, Spanish poet, playwright, art critic, painter and journalist * Josefina Ayerza, write ...

. He first went to Cuba, but in 1938 visited Mexico City for a commission designing the bar at Ciro's. This was the elegant restaurant inside the Reforma Hotel; the first modern hotel in Mexico. The structure was "a truly imposing wooden ellipse... which was at that time called 'the largest bar in the world'." He also decorated other luxury establishments, including the Ambassadeurs restaurant, by the Catalan Dalmau Costa i Vilanova. Through the gatherings at the cafeteria "Hotel Regis" he came into contact with many of the figures of Mexican cinema, who convinced him to stay in Mexico City and work in the film industry. There he met and married the aristocrat Diane de Subervielle, president of the film company Films Mundiales. He founded his own film decoration company, Escenografía de Manuel Fontanals, with which he achieved great prestige, working with the best actors and directors of Mexican cinema:

Dolores del Río María de los Dolores Asúnsolo y López Negrete (3 August 1904 – 11 April 1983), known professionally as Dolores del Río (), was a Mexican actress. With a career spanning more than 50 years, she is regarded as the first major female Latin Am ...

María Félix María de los Ángeles Félix Güereña (; 8 April 1914 – 8 April 2002) was a Mexican actress and singer. Along with Pedro Armendáriz and Dolores del Río, she was one of the most successful figures of Latin American cinema in the 1940s and ...

Mario Moreno Cantinflas Mario Fortino Alfonso Moreno Reyes (12 August 1911 – 20 April 1993), known by the stage name Cantinflas (), was a Mexican comedian, actor, and filmmaker. He is considered to have been the most widely-accomplished Mexican comedian and is celeb ...

Emilio Fernández Emilio "El Indio" Fernández Romo (; 26 March 1904 – 6 October 1986) was a Mexican film director, actor and screenwriter. He was one of the most prolific film directors of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema in the 1940s and 1950s. He is best kn ...

Roberto Gavaldón Roberto Gavaldón (June 7, 1909 in Jiménez, Chihuahua – September 4, 1986 in Mexico City) was a Mexican film director. Eight of Gavaldón's films were featured on the list 100 Best Movies of the Cinema of Mexico. His 1958 film ''Ash Wed ...

Jaime Salvador Jaime Salvador Valls (4 November 1901 – 18 October 1976) was a Spanish screenwriter and film director of the Golden era of Mexican cinema. He is known for writing and directing various low-budget comedies, westerns, and rancheras. Select ...

Carlos Velo Cobelas Carlos may refer to: Places ;Canada * Carlos, Alberta, a locality ;United States * Carlos, Indiana, an unincorporated community * Carlos, Maryland, a place in Allegany County * Carlos, Minnesota, a small city * Carlos, West Virginia ;Elsewhe ...

José Díaz Morales José Díaz Morales (1908-1976) was a Spanish screenwriter and film director.Bentley p.103 He emigrated to Mexico following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Selected filmography Director * ' (1942) * ''Adultery'' (1945) * '' Life on a Thr ...

Ramón Pereda Marcelo Ramón Pereda Saro (1897–1986) was a Spanish-Mexican actor, screenwriter, film producer and film director.Agrasánchez p.106 He was married to the actresses María Antonieta Pons and Adriana Lamar. He appeared in the 1930 Spanish-languag ...

and

Ramón Peón Ramón Peón (1887–1971) was a Cuban actor, screenwriter and film director. He also produced and edited some of his films.Hershfield & Maciel, p. 41 Selected filmography * ''El veneno de un beso'' (1929) * '' Road of Hell'' (1931) * ''Sanctuar ...

. He was a prominent member of the Union of Film Production Workers and the Association of Film Journalists of Mexico. In 1946 he was a co-founder of the

Mexican Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Mexican may refer to: Mexico and its culture *Being related to, from, or connected to the country of Mexico, in North America ** People *** Mexicans, inhabitants of the country Mexico and their descendants *** Mexica, ancient indigenous people ...

and was awarded the prestigious Ariel Prize in 1947, 1949 and 1972. A number of films he worked on in Mexico were shown and given awards in his homeland of Spain during his exile, but the government always excised his name from the screen and awards ceremonies. In later life, while his company mainly did B-movies, Manuel designed a few houses for friends to stay creatively active. After his wife died Manuel burned all his personal documents, house plans, architectural renderings, home decor designs, photographs, set designs and correspondence. Exiled from his home country, he wished to vanish without a trace; though his houses still stand and the hundreds of films he set designed are still seen. After the final film he worked on,

The Castle of Purity ''The Castle of Purity'' ( es, El castillo de la pureza) is a 1972 Mexican drama film directed by Arturo Ripstein. It is based in a real criminal case that took place in Mexico City in 1959. Plot The film depicts a man who keeps his family iso ...

was completed, he gave the only known interview of his life, published in This Magazine (September 10, 1972). He died one week later. Much of what is known of his life and career was gathered by

Rosa Peralta Gilabert Rosa or De Rosa may refer to: People *Rosa (given name) * Rosa (surname) * Santa Rosa (female given name from Latin-a latinized variant of Rose) Places * 223 Rosa, an asteroid * Rosa, Alabama, a town, United States *Rosa, Germany, in Thuringia, ...

from his collaborators and supporting documents for her biography on him. His work in cinema is extensive and includes 247 sets, or sets and costumes, not counting those made for the theater.

Works for the Theater

* ''The Princess Who Sucked Her Finger'' (1917) by

Manuel Abril Manuel may refer to: People * Manuel (name) * Manuel (Fawlty Towers), a fictional character from the sitcom ''Fawlty Towers'' * Charlie Manuel, manager of the Philadelphia Phillies * Manuel I Komnenos, emperor of the Byzantine Empire * Manuel ...

, performed at the Teatro Eslava by

* ''The Peacock'' by

Eduard Marquina i Angulo Eduard Model Accessories is a Czech manufacturer of plastic models and finescale model accessories. Formed in 1989 in the city of Most, Eduard began in a rented cellar as a manufacturer of photoetched brass model components. Following the su ...

(1923) * ''Doña Francisquita'' by

Amadeu Vives Amadeu Vives i Roig (; 18 November 1871 – 2 December 1932) was a Spanish musical composer, creator of over a hundred stage works. He is best known for ''Doña Francisquita'', which Christopher Webber has praised for its "easy lyricism, fluen ...

(1923) * ''Gli innamorati'' by

(1924) * ''The Criminal'' by

Alexander Fydor Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Al ...

(1925) * ''The Mystic'' by

Santiago Rusiñol Santiago Rusiñol i Prats (, ; Barcelona 25 February 1861 – Aranjuez 13 June 1931) was a Spanish painter, poet, journalist, collector and playwright. He was one of the leaders of the Catalan '' modernisme'' movement. He created more than ...

* ''Lo Ferrer de Tall'' by

Frederic Soler Frederic may refer to: Places United States * Frederic, Wisconsin, a village in Polk County * Frederic Township, Michigan, a township in Crawford County ** Frederic, Michigan, an unincorporated community Other uses * Frederic (band), a Japanes ...

(Serafí Pitarra), ''Les Garses'' by Ignasi Iglésias, ''Mossèn Jano'' and ''Terra Baixa'' by

Àngel Guimerà Àngel Guimerà y Jorge (6 May 1845 or 6 May 1847 or 1849 – 18 July 1924), known also as Ángel Guimerá, was a Spanish Nobel-nominated writer in the Catalan language. His work is known for bringing together under romantic aspects the main el ...

; all presented by the company of

Jaume Borràs Jaume (, ) is a Catalan male given name. It is the equivalent of James. Notable people Notable people with this given name include: * Jaume Aragall (born 1939), Spanish tenor * Jaume Balagueró (born 1968), Spanish filmmaker * Jaume Balmes (birth ...

* ''Triangle'' by

Gregorio Martinez Sierra Gregorio is a masculine given name and a surname. It may refer to: Given name * Gregorio Conrado Álvarez (1925–2016), Uruguayan army general and de facto President of Uruguay from 1981 until 1985 * Gregorio Álvarez (historian) (1889–1986), A ...

, at Theater Beatriz Infant (1929) * Figurines in the ballet ''Triana'' by Isaac Albéniz, for the Spanish ballet company of

Antonia Mercè y Luque Antonia may refer to: People * Antonia (name), including a list of people with the name * Antonia gens, a Roman family, any woman of the gens was named ''Antonia'' * Antônia (footballer) * Antônia Melo Entertainment * '' Antonia's Line'', or ...

, ''La Argentina'' of the ''Opera Comique'' in Paris (1929) with

Néstor de la Torre Nestor is a given name of Greek origin. In Greek mythology it comes from that of Nestor, the son of Neleus, the King of Pylos and Chloris. The Greek derivation is from a combination of "νέομαι" eomai- "go back", and "νόστος" ostos- " ...

* ''Blood Weddings'' by

, by the Company of Josefina Diaz Artigas, at the Teatro Beatriz in Madrid (1933) * ''The Prodigious Shoemaker'' (1933) by

Federico Garcia Lorca Federico (; ) is a given name and surname. It is a form of Frederick, most commonly found in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian. People with the given name Federico Artists * Federico Ágreda, Venezuelan composer and DJ. * Federico Aguilar Alcuaz, r ...

, by the company of Lola Membrives, in the

Theater Avenue of Buenos Aires Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The perform ...

* ''Yerma'' (1934) by Federico García Lorca, by the company of Margarida Xirgu, at the

Teatro Español in Madrid Teatro may refer to: * Theatre * Teatro (band) Teatro, Italian for "theatre", is a vocal group signed to the Sony BMG music label. The members of Teatro are Jeremiah James, Andrew Alexander, Simon Bailey and Stephen Rahman-Hughes. Band member ...

* ''La dama boba'' (1935) by

Lope de Vega Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio ( , ; 25 November 156227 August 1635) was a Spanish playwright, poet, and novelist. He was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Age of Baroque literature. His reputation in the world of Spanish literatu ...

, with the company of Margarida Xirgu, at the Teatre Barcelona * ''Doña Rosita la Soltera'' (1935) by Federico García Lorca, with the company of Margarida Xirgu, at the Teatre Principal in Barcelona * ''The Crystal Zoo'' (1957) of

Tennessee Williams Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983), known by his pen name Tennessee Williams, was an American playwright and screenwriter. Along with contemporaries Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller, he is considered among the thre ...

, by the Company of Daisy Xirgu, in the Fábregas Theater of Mexico Cinema

Selected Filmography

* ''Bohemians'' (1936) by

Francisco Elías Francisco is the Spanish and Portuguese form of the masculine given name '' Franciscus''. Nicknames In Spanish, people with the name Francisco are sometimes nicknamed " Paco". San Francisco de Asís was known as ''Pater Comunitatis'' (father o ...

*''Elías Maria'' (1938) by

Chano Urueta Santiago Eduardo Urueta Sierra (24 February 1904 – 23 March 1979), more commonly known as Chano Urueta, was a Mexican film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. Filmography Director *1928: ''El Destino (1928 film), El Destino'' *1933: ...

*''Lie and You Will Be Happy'' (1939) by

Raphael J. Seville Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, better known as Raphael (; or ; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual ...

*''The Island of the Passion'' (1941) by

Emilio Fernandez Emilio may refer to: * Emilio Navaira, a Mexican-American singer often called "Emilio" * Emilio Piazza Memorial School, in Port Harcourt, Rivers State * Emilio (given name) * ''Emilio'' (film), a 2008 film by Kim Jorgensen See also * Emílio (dis ...

*''Two Mexicans in Seville'' (1942) by

Carlos Orellana Carlos Orellana Martínez (28 December 1900 in Hidalgo – 24 January 1960 in Mexico City) was a Mexican actor, film director and screenwriter. Filmography As actor *1932: '' Santa'' - Hipólito *1933: ''El anónimo'' - Médico *1933: ...

*''Bugambilia'' (1944) by

starring

* ''

Summer Hotel ''Summer Hotel'' (Spanish: ''Hotel de verano'') is a 1944 Mexican comedy film directed by René Cardona.Herrera-Sobek, p. 1080 The film's sets were designed by Manuel Fontanals. Cast * Carlos Amador * Blanquita Amaro * Ramón Armengod * Eva Br ...

'' (1944) by

René Cardona René Cardona (October 8, 1905 in Havana, Cuba – April 25, 1988, in Mexico City) was a director, actor, producer, screenwriter, and film editor in the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. Biography René Cardona was born in Havana, Cuba, on Oct ...

* ''

Michael Strogoff ''Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar'' (french: Michel Strogoff) is a novel written by Jules Verne in 1876. Critic Leonard S. Davidow, considers it one of Verne's best books. Davidow wrote, "Jules Verne has written no better book than thi ...

'' (1944) by

Miguel M. Delgado Miguel Melitón Delgado Pardavé (17 May 1905 – 2 January 1994) was a Mexican film director and screenwriter best known for directing thirty-three of Cantinflas' films, under contract of Posa Films. He directed 139 films between 1941 and 19 ...

* '' Saint Francis of Assisi'' (1944) by

Alberto Gout Alberto Gout (1913–1966) was a Mexican screenwriter, producer and film director.Biltereyst & Gennari p.76 Selected filmography * '' Saint Francis of Assisi'' (1944) * ''Smoke in the Eyes'' (1946) * '' The Well-paid'' (1948) * '' Revenge'' (19 ...

* ''

I Am a Fugitive ''I Am a Fugitive'' (Spanish: ''Soy un prófugo'') is a 1946 Mexican comedy film directed by Miguel M. Delgado and starring Cantinflas, Emilia Guiú and Daniel "Chino" Herrera.Pilcher p.132 The film's sets were designed by Manuel Fontanals. Pl ...

'' (1946) by

* '' The Associate'' (1946) by

* '' The Kneeling Goddess'' (1947) by

*''Hidden River'' (1947) by

* '' The Desire'' (1948) by

*''Duel of the Mountains'' (1950) by

* ''

The Mark of the Skunk ''The Mark of the Skunk'' (Spanish:''La marca del zorrillo'') is a 1950 Mexican comedy film directed by Gilberto Martínez Solares and starring Germán Valdés, Silvia Pinal and Marcelo Chávez.Monsiváis & Kraniauskas p.117 The film's sets were ...

'' (1950) by

Gilberto Martínez Solares Mario Gilberto Agustin Martinez Solares (January 19, 1906 – January 18, 1997) was a Mexican director, cinematographer, screenwriter, and actor who is considered one of the most prolific filmmakers in Mexican cinema having directed more than ...

* ''

The Lovers ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in En ...

'' (1951) by

Fernando A. Rivero Fernando is a Spanish and Portuguese given name and a surname common in Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Switzerland, former Spanish or Portuguese colonies in Latin America, Africa, the Philippines, India, and Sri Lanka. It is equivalent to the G ...

* '' Seven Women'' (1953) by

Juan Bustillo Oro Juan Bustillo Oro (2 June 1904 – 10 June 1989) was a Mexican film director, screenwriter and producer, whose career spanned over 38 years. Among his works there are '' In the Times of Don Porfirio'', '' Here's the Point'', '' Arm in Arm Down t ...

* ''

The Three Elenas ''The Three Elenas'' (Spanish: ''Las tres Elenas'') is a 1954 Mexican drama film directed by Emilio Gómez Muriel and starring Amelia Bence, Manolo Fábregas, and Domingo Soler.Riera p.119 The film's sets were designed by the art director Manu ...

'' (1954) by

Emilio Gómez Muriel Emilio Gómez Muriel was a prolific Mexican film director, active between the 1930s and the 1970s. He is known for melodramas,, accessed via JSTOR (subscription required) but one of his first films was ''Redes'' (release: 1936), an attempt at s ...

* ''

Pablo and Carolina ''Pablo and Carolina'' (Spanish:''Pablo y Carolina'') is a 1957 Mexican romantic comedy film directed by Mauricio de la Serna and starring Pedro Infante, Irasema Dilián, Alejandro Ciangherotti, and premiered after Infante's death. The film's se ...

'' (1957) by

Mauricio de la Serna Mauricio de la Serna (26 November 1902 – 20 March 1986) was a Mexican film director, screenwriter, and producer. Biography De la Serna studied architecture, a profession he abandoned in 1938 to join the film industry as producer of the fi ...

* ''

Music and Money ''Music and Money'' (Spanish:''Música y dinero'') is a 1958 Mexican musical comedy film directed by Rafael Portillo and starring Tito Guízar, Luis Aguilar and Pedro Vargas.Agrasánchez p.63 The film's sets were designed by the art director M ...

'' (1958) by

Rafael Portillo Rafael Portillo (1916–1995) was a Mexican film director, screenwriter A screenplay writer (also called screenwriter, scriptwriter, scribe or scenarist) is a writer who practices the craft of screenwriting, writing screenplays on which mas ...

*''Macario'' (1960) by

*''Little Town'' (1962) by

*''

A Faithful Soldier of Pancho Villa ''A Faithful Soldier of Pancho Villa'' ( es, Un dorado de Pancho Villa) is a 1967 Mexican drama film written, directed by and starring Emilio Fernández. It was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival. Cast * Emilio Fernández a ...

'' (1966) by

*''The Law of the Hawk'' (1966) by

* ''

'' (1972) by

Arturo Ripstein Arturo Ripstein y Rosen (born December 13, 1943) is a Mexican film director and screenwriter. Considered the "Godfather of independent Mexican cinema", Ripstein's work is generally characterized by "somber, slow-paced, macabre melodramas tackling ...

References

Bibliography

* Rosa Peralta Gilabert. ''Manuel Fontanals, escenógrafo: teatro, cine y exilio''. Editorial Fundamentos, 2007.

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Fontanals, Manuel 1893 births 1972 deaths Spanish art directors Mexican art directors Spanish emigrants to Mexico People from Barcelona