Manicapsocidae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Psocodea Psocodea is a taxonomic group of insects comprising the bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice. It was formerly considered a superorder, but is now generally considered by entomologists as an order. Despite the greatly differing appearance of p ...

(formerly

Psocoptera Psocoptera are a paraphyletic group of insects that are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. The name Psocoptera has been replaced with Psocodea in recent literature, with the inclusion of the former order Phthiraptera into Psocod ...

). It contains 8 extant species in 4 genera, with most of the species being found in the

Neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bi ...

, with one species in the

Afrotropics The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the majority of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the islan ...

. The extinct family Electrentomidae has been suggested to be a

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are al ...

of this family, though this has been considered premature by other scholars in the absence of

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived ch ...

analysis. Confirmed fossil species of the family are nearly as numerous as living ones, extending back to the Mid-

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...

Taxonomy

* '' Manicapsocus'' Smithers, 1966 ** ''M. alettae'' Smithers, 1966 Africa,

Zimbabwe Zimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the south-west, Zambia to the north, and Mozam ...

* '' Epitroctes'' Mockford, 1967

** ''E. calypso'' Mockford, 1996 ** ''E. pluvialis'' Mockford, 1996 ** ''E. sanguineus'' Mockford, 1996 ** ''E. sanvito'' Mockford, 1996 ** ''E.. tuxtlarum'' Mockford, 1967 * '' Nothoentomum'' Badonnel, 1967 Neotropics ** ''N. palpale'' Badonnel, 1967 * '' Phallopsocus'' Badonnel, 1967 Neotropics ** ''P. carminatus'' Badonnel, 1967 * †'' Azarpsocus'' Maheu and Nel, 2019 ** †''A. perreaui'' Maheu and Nel, 2019

Burmese amber Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. ...

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

, Cenomanian * †'' Eomanicapsocus'' Nel ''et al.'', 2005 ** †''E. melaniae'' Nel ''et al.'', 2005

Oise amber Oise ( ; ; pcd, Oése) is a departments of France, department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise (river), Oise. Inhabitants of the department are called ''Oisiens'' () or ''Isariens'', after the Latin name for the river, I ...

, France,

Ypresian In the geologic timescale the Ypresian is the oldest age or lowest stratigraphic stage of the Eocene. It spans the time between , is preceded by the Thanetian Age (part of the Paleocene) and is followed by the Eocene Lutetian Age. The Ypresian i ...

* †'' Eoprotroctopsocus'' Nel ''et al.'', 2005 ** †''E. celinea'' Nel ''et al.'', 2005 Oise amber, France, Ypresian * † '' Manicapsocidus'' Baz & Ortuño, 2001 ** †''M. enigmaticus'' Baz and Ortuño, 2001

Álava amber Álava ( in Spanish) or Araba (), officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see. Its ca ...

Escucha Formation The Escucha Formation is a geological formation in La Rioja and Teruel provinces of northeastern Spain whose strata date back to the late Aptian to middle Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have bee ...

, Spain,

Albian The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous Epoch/ Series. Its approximate time range is 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 100.5 ± ...

* †'' Palaeomanicapsocus'' Azar ''et al.'', 2016 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian ** †''P. margoae'' Azar ''et al.'', 2016 ** †''P. fouadi'' Azar ''et al.'', 2016 * †'' Paramanicapsocus'' Hakim, Azar and Huang, 2019 ** †''P. longiantennatus'' Hakim ''et al.'', 2019 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian

References

Psocoptera families Troctomorpha {{Psocoptera-stub