Mandeali (

Takri The Tākri script (Takri (Chamba district, Chamba): ; Takri (Jammu Division, Jammu/Dogri script, Dogra): ; sometimes called Tankri ) is an abugida writing system of the Brahmic scripts, Brahmic family of scripts. It is derived from the Sharada ...

: ) is a

Western Pahari The Western Pahari languages are a range of languages and dialects of Northern Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the western parts of the Himalayan range, primarily in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. They are also spoken in Jammu and Jaunsar ...

language, spoken in northern

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

, predominantly in the

Mandi district Mandi district is one of the central districts of Himachal Pradesh state in northern India. The town of Mandi is the headquarters of the district. The main native language is Mandeali. As of 2011, it is the second most populous district of ...

Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh (; Sanskrit: ''himācāl prādes;'' "Snow-laden Mountain Province") is a States and union territories of India, state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the thirteen Indian Himalayan ...

by the people of the Mandi Valley and particularly in the major city of Mandi. Other spellings for the name are Mandiyali and Mandiali. UNESCO reports it is one of the highly endangered languages of

. Speakers of the dialect have decreased by 21% from 1961 to 2001. The language is distantly related to Kullvi. The Chambealic varieties are often considered separate languages, but at least some are 90–95% intelligible with Mandeali proper. Its sub-dialect are different than mandeali

Dialects

Preliminary survey suggests speakers have functional intelligibility of Kangri. People in southeast Mandi district may have more difficulty understanding Kangri. Standard Mandeali is spoken throughout the broad valley running north and south from Jogindernagar to Sundarnagar. Mandeali Pahari is spoken north around Barot, east of Uhl River. Intelligible with difficulty to standard Mandeali. May be intermediate variety between Mandeali and Kullui. The dialect is very close to the Kullvi spoken in neighbouring lug valley region of Kullu district and are culturally, linguistically closer to Kullu. Southeast district contains transition to Mahasui. The dialect spoken is also sometimes referred as Suketi or dialect of Outer Seraj Area as dialect is an intermediate variety of Kullvi and Upper Mahasuvi of neighbouring Shimla and Kullu district. In the west, Sarkaghat is also a bit different from standard Mandeali, perhaps forming a transition towards Hamirpur and Bilaspur areas. Lexical similarity: 89% with Palampuri dialect of Kangri, 83% with Chambeali.

Phonology

Consonants

* �is heard when a nasal occurs before velar stops. * can be heard as an allophone of pʰ. * Aspirated versions of m, n,ɳ, l,ɭ, r, w can be considered as separate phonemes.

Vowels

The vowels of Mandeali language are shown below.

Grammar

Nouns

Mandeali distinguishes two

genders Gender is the range of social, psychological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of being a man (or boy), woman (or girl), or third gender. Although gender often corresponds to sex, a transgender person may identify with a gender other than the ...

(Masculine and feminine), two

numbers A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label. The most basic examples are the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth. Numbers can be represented in language with number words. More universally, individual numbers can ...

(Singular and plural) and four cases of

direct Direct may refer to: Mathematics * Directed set, in order theory * Direct limit of (pre), sheaves * Direct sum of modules, a construction in abstract algebra which combines several vector spaces Computing * Direct access (disambiguation), ...

oblique Oblique may refer to: * an alternative name for the character usually called a slash (punctuation) ( / ) *Oblique angle, in geometry * Oblique triangle, in geometry * Oblique lattice, in geometry * Oblique leaf base, a characteristic shape of the ...

vocative In grammar, the vocative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed or occasionally for the noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numeral ...

, and ergative. Oblique also serves as locative and ergative also performs the function of instrumental. Nouns may be further divided into extended and unextended

declension In linguistics, declension (verb: ''to decline'') is the changing of the form of a word, generally to express its syntactic function in the sentence by way of an inflection. Declension may apply to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and det ...

al subtypes, with the former characteristically consisting of masculines ending in unaccented ''-ā'' and feminines in ''-ī''. The following tables displays the suffix paradigms. The following table of noun

declensions In linguistics, declension (verb: ''to wikt:decline#Verb, decline'') is the changing of the form of a word, generally to express its syntactic function in the sentence by way of an inflection. Declension may apply to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, ...

shows those suffix paradigms in action. Examples include ''ghōṛā'' "

stallion A stallion is an adult male horse that has not been gelded ( castrated). Stallions follow the conformation and phenotype of their breed, but within that standard, the presence of hormones such as testosterone may give stallions a thicker, "cre ...

", mhaṭhī'' "

girl A girl is a young female human, usually a child or an adolescent. While the term ''girl'' has other meanings, including ''young woman'',Dictionary.com, "Girl"'' Retrieved January 2, 2008. '' daughter'' or '' girlfriend'' regardless of age ...

", ''ghəːr'' "

house A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air c ...

", ''kāndh'' "

wall A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security, shelter, or soundproofing; or serves a decorative purpose. There are various types of walls, including border barriers between countries, brick wal ...

".''

Pronouns

The Pronouns of Mandeali for different person and number are - 1st Person Singular : हाऊँ/ɦaːũ/ 1st Person Plural : आस्से /asːe/ 2nd Person Singular : तू /tu/ 2nd Person Plural : तुस्से /t̪usːe/ 3rd Person Proximate Singular : ए, ये /eː, jeː/ 3rd Person Proximate Plural : यों /jõː/ 3rd Person Distal Singular : से /seː/ 3rd Person Distal Plural : स्यों /sjõː/

Noun Cases

*Mandeali - Hindi - English - Case *घर /gʱəːr/ (noun) 1 घर - home - Nominative 2. घरो/ घरा जो - घर को - to home - Accusative 3. घरे - घर ने - Ergative 4. घरा के/ घरा कन्ने/ घरा साउगी- with house - Comitative 5. घरा ले/ घरा ला - घर से - through home - Instrumental 6. घरा कट्ठे - घर के लिए - for home - Dative 7. घरा ले/ घरा ला - घर से - from home - Ablative 8. घरा रा/रे/री - घर का/की/के - of home - Genetive *Locatives 9. घरा/ घरा मंझ - घर में - Innesive 10. घरा गास, प्रयाल्हे, पर - घर पर - Addesive *Others 11. घरा (sing)/ घरो (plural)- ओ घर - Vocative 12. घरा साँहीं - घर जैसा - Similative 13. घरा तिक्कर/ तिक - घर तक - Terminative

Numerals

Script

The native script of the language is a variety of

called Mandeali Takri. Mandeal

Vocabulary

Names of months

Traditionally, the month formats is based on

Hindu calendar The Hindu calendar, also called Panchangam, Panchanga (), is one of various lunisolar calendars that are traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with further regional variations for social and Hindu religious purposes ...

Names of days

Days are generally indic. •Twār is a loan word from Urdu (Itwār)

Status

The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali, just like many other neighbouring languages. The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Mandeali children are not learning Mandeali as their mother tongue anymore. The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha. There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations strive to save the language and demand it. Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and being close to other Pahari languages such as

Kahluri Bilaspuri (Takri script, Himachali Takri: ), or Kahluri (Takri script, Takri:) is a Western Pahari, Western Pahari language spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur district of Himachal Prades ...

and Kangri.

References

{{Dogri-Kangri languages Northern Indo-Aryan languages Languages of Himachal Pradesh Mandi, Himachal Pradesh Endangered languages of India Languages written in Takri Languages written in Devanagari Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census