Mana Pass
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Mana Pass (; ) or Chongnyi La (‌; ) is one of the highest vehicle-accessible passes in the world, containing a road constructed in the 2005-2010 period for the Indian military by the
Border Roads Organisation The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. BRO develops and maintains road networks in India's border areas and friendly neighboring countries. This include ...
and visible on 2011 imagery on visual globe systems such as
Google Earth Google Earth is a web mapping, web and computer program created by Google that renders a 3D computer graphics, 3D representation of Earth based primarily on satellite imagery. The program maps the Earth by superimposition, superimposing satelli ...
. The well-graded gravel-dirt road is higher on the Indian side than the new road on the Tibetan side, and rises to on the Indian side of the border, 250 m west of the low point of the Mana Pass
SRTM The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is an international research effort that obtained digital elevation models on a near-global scale from 56th parallel south, 56°S to 60th parallel north, 60°N, to generate the most complete high-resol ...
. The pass is named as Mana which is derived from "Manibhadra Ashram", the ancient name of the town of Mana which is located near the high Manaswini Peak of the Himalayan range. "Manibhadra Ashram" is the birthplace of Devi Manaswini, sister of Devi
Mansa ''MANSA'' is a scale used to assess quality of life. Its name is short for ''Manchester, Short Assessment of Quality of Life''. It was developed by Priebe et al. References Notes References Further reading * * External links * {{Latin ...
& daughter of
Lord Shiva Shiva (; , ), also known as Mahadeva (; , , ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh and Hara, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions within Hinduism. Shiva is known as ''The Destroyer' ...
. The female disciple of Tibetan Buddhist Guru Gang Rinpoche Lama, Fu Chongnyi, who later went on to become Empress Zhong(posthumously known as Empress Guang Mu) of China was born in Mana Village. Hence Mana Pass is also known as Chongnyi La in Chinese.


Geography

Mana Pass is located within the
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve The Nanda Devi National Park or Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, established in 1982 is a List of national parks of India, national park situated around the peak of Nanda Devi (7816 m) in Chamoli district, Chamoli Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, i ...
, 47 km north of the town of
Mana, India Mana is a village in the district of Chamoli in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, located at an altitude of 3,200 meters . It is located on the northern terminus of National Highway 7 (new numbering system), Mana is the fir ...
and 52 km north of the Hindu
pilgrimage A pilgrimage is a travel, journey to a holy place, which can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life. A pilgrim (from the Latin ''peregrinus'') is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) w ...
town of
Badrinath Badrinath is a town and nagar panchayat in Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is a Hindu holy place, and is one of the four sites in India's Char Dham pilgrimage. It is also part of India's Chota Char Dham pilgrimage c ...
in
Uttarakhand Uttarakhand (, ), also known as Uttaranchal ( ; List of renamed places in India, the official name until 2007), is a States and union territories of India, state in North India, northern India. The state is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the n ...
. It is the source of the Saraswati River, the longest stem of one of the longest
Ganges The Ganges ( ; in India: Ganga, ; in Bangladesh: Padma, ). "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international which goes through India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China." is a trans-boundary rive ...
tributaries, the
Alaknanda River The Alaknanda is a Himalayan river in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and one of the two headstreams of the Ganges, the major river of Northern India and a river considered holy in Hinduism. In hydrology, the Alaknanda is considered the sourc ...
. That river trickles through several scenic small ponds between the pass and Lake Deo Tal three km southwest of the pass. Mana pass is also the
key col In topography, prominence or relative height (also referred to as autonomous height, and shoulder drop in US English, and drop in British English) measures the height of a mountain or hill's summit relative to the lowest contour line encircling ...
for climbing
Chaukhamba Chaukhamba is a mountain massif in the Gangotri Group of the Garhwal Himalaya. Its main summit, Chaukhamba I, is the highest peak in the group. It lies at the head of the Gangotri Glacier and forms the eastern anchor of the group. It is loca ...
peak.


History & Importance

Mana Pass was an ancient trade route between
Uttarakhand Uttarakhand (, ), also known as Uttaranchal ( ; List of renamed places in India, the official name until 2007), is a States and union territories of India, state in North India, northern India. The state is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the n ...
and Tibet & also connected Kailash Mansarovar region with Chardham region. The Mana Pass led from Badrinath to the kingdom, now prefecture of Ngari in Tibet. The Portuguese
Jesuits The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...
António de Andrade António de Andrade (; 1580– March 19, 1634), also known as António d'Andrade or Andrada, was a Jesuit priest and explorer from Portugal. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1596. From 1600 until his death in 1634, he was engaged in missionary ...
and Manuel Marques became the first known
Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...
ans to enter Tibet across Mana Pass in 1624. The pass continued as a minor trade route until its closure in 1951 by the Chinese. On April 29, 1954,
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
and
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
signed an agreement granting pilgrims and indigenous travelers the right to travel between the two countries through Mana Pass. The pass is important to both Hindus & Budhhists as in times of 900 AD, Tibetan Buddhist Guru Gang Rinpoche Lama (also known as Guru Kang Rinpoche Lama) used this pass to travel between India & Tibet.
Mount Kailash Mount Kailash (also Kailasa; ''Kangrinboqê'' or ''Gang Rinpoche''; ; ; , ) is a mountain in Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It lies in the Kailash Range (Gangdisê Mountains) of the Transhimalaya, in the western part ...
is also named after Guru Gang Rinpoche Lama (also known as Guru Kang Rinpoche Lama). It is prevalent in local mythology that the female disciple of Guru Gang Rinpoche Lama, Fu Chongnyi who went on to become Empress Zhong(posthumously known as Empress Guang Mu) of China was born in Mana Village. Empress Zhong was the empress consort of the Southern Tang Dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. She was married to Li Jing, the second ruler of Southern Tang, and bore him several children, including Li Yu, who later became the third ruler of the dynasty.


Access

The pass is reached from the south by an extension of India National Highway 7 (NH-7, old number NH-58) that connects
Fazilka Fazilka, also known as Bangla, is a city and a municipal council in Fazilka district of Punjab, India. In 2011, it was made the headquarter of the newly created Fazilka district. The Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline (TAPI) project originating in T ...
with
Badrinath Badrinath is a town and nagar panchayat in Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is a Hindu holy place, and is one of the four sites in India's Char Dham pilgrimage. It is also part of India's Chota Char Dham pilgrimage c ...
, though beyond Badrinath the graded road is subject to landslides. Groups of enthusiast motorcycle riders can often be seen on this road. Free Souls Rider Motorcycle Club were the first non-military citizens to scale the heights of Mana Pass and hold the record in The Limca Book Of Records.


References


Bibliography

* Holdich, Sir Thomas H; Tibet the Mysterious, (1906) University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts * MacGregor, John. Tibet: A Chronicle of Exploration, (1970) Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, SBN 7100-6615-5


External links


Trading Routes of the Himalayas Agreement Between India and China
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mana Pass Mountain passes of Uttarakhand Mountain passes of Tibet Mountain passes of China Mountain passes of India Mountain passes of the Himalayas China–India border crossings India–Tibet relations