''Man's Fate'' (French: ''La Condition humaine'', "The Human Condition") is a 1933 novel written by André Malraux about the failed communist insurrection in

Shanghai Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...

in 1927, and the existential quandaries facing a diverse group of people associated with the revolution. Along with Les Conquérants (1928 – "The Conquerors") and La Voie Royale (1930 – "The Royal Way"), it forms a trilogy on revolution in Asia. The novel was translated into English twice, both translations appearing in 1934, one by Haakon Chevalier under the title ''Man's Fate'', published by Harrison Smith & Robert Haas in New York and republished by Random House as part of their Modern Library from 1936 on, and the other by Alastair MacDonald under the title ''Storm in Shanghai'', published by Methuen in London and republished, still by Methuen, in 1948 as ''Man's Estate'', to become a Penguin pocket in 1961. Currently the Chevalier translation is the only one still in regular print. In 1958

Hannah Arendt Hannah Arendt (born Johanna Arendt; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German and American historian and philosopher. She was one of the most influential political theory, political theorists of the twentieth century. Her work ...

published '' The Human Condition'', one of her central theoretical works, whose English name is identical to the French title of Malraux's book; to avoid confusion, Arendt's book was translated in French first as ''Condition de l’homme moderne'' (''The Condition of the Modern Man''), then as ''L'Humaine Condition''.

Plot summary

The novel occurs during a 22-day period mostly in

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

and concerns mainly the

socialist Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...

insurrectionists and others involved in the conflict. The four primary protagonists are Chen Ta Erh (whose name is spelled Tchen in the French original of the book), Kyoshi ("Kyo") Gisors, the Soviet emissary Katow, and Baron Clappique. Their individual plights are intertwined throughout the book. Chen Ta Erh is sent to assassinate an authority, succeeds, and is later killed in a failed suicide bombing attempt on Chiang Kai-shek. After the assassination, he becomes governed by fatality and desires simply to kill, thereby fulfill his duty as a terrorist, a duty which controls his life. This is largely the result of being so close to death since assassinating a man. He is so haunted by death and his powerlessness over inevitability that he wishes to die, just to end his torment. Kyo Gisors is the commander of the revolt and believes that every person should choose his own meaning, not be governed by any external forces. He spends most of the story trying to keep power in the hands of the workers rather than the

Kuomintang The Kuomintang (KMT) is a major political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It was the one party state, sole ruling party of the country Republic of China (1912-1949), during its rule from 1927 to 1949 in Mainland China until Retreat ...

army and resolving a conflict between himself and his wife, May. He is eventually captured and, in a final act of

self-determination Self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with full suffrage. Self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international la ...

, chooses to take his own life with cyanide. Katow had faced execution once before, during the

Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War () was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the 1917 overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. I ...

and was saved at the last moment, which gives him a feeling of psychological immunity. After witnessing Kyo's death, he watches with a kind of calm detachment as his fellow revolutionaries are taken out one by one, to be thrown alive into the chamber of a steam locomotive waiting outside, intending, when his turn comes, to use his own cyanide capsule. But hearing two young Chinese activists talk with trembling fear of being burned alive, he gives them the cyanide, as there is only enough for two, so that he himself is left to face the more fearsome death. He thus dies in an act of self-sacrifice and solidarity with weaker comrades. Baron Clappique is a French merchant, smuggler, and obsessive gambler. He helps Kyo get a shipment of guns through and is later told that Kyo will be killed unless he leaves the city in 48 hours. On the way to warn him, he gets involved with gambling and cannot stop. He considers gambling "suicide without dying". Clappique is very good-humored and always cheerful all the time but suffers inwardly. He later escapes the city dressed as a sailor.

Characters

*Chen Ta Erh – the assassin, protagonist *Kyo Gisors – the leader of the revolt, protagonist *Baron Clappique – a French merchant and smuggler, protagonist *Old Gisors – Kyo's father, one-time professor of sociology at the University of Peking, and an opium addict, acts as a guide for Kyo and Ch’en *May Gisors – Kyo's wife and a German doctor, born in Shanghai *Katow – a Russian, one of the organizers of the insurrection, he is burned alive for treason. *Hemmelrich – a Belgian phonograph-dealer *Yu Hsuan – his partner *Kama – a Japanese painter, Old Gisors' brother-in-law *Ferral – president of the French chamber of commerce and head of the France-Asiatic Consortium; he struggles with his relationship with Valerie because he only wishes to possess her as an object *Valerie – Ferral's girlfriend. *Konig – chief of Chiang Kai-shek's police *Suan – young Chinese terrorist who helped Ch’en, later arrested in the same attack in which Ch'en was killed *Pei – also helper of Ch’en

Awards and nominations

This book won the

Prix Goncourt The Prix Goncourt ( , "The Goncourt Prize") is a prize in French literature, given by the académie Goncourt to the author of "the best and most imaginative prose work of the year". The prize carries a symbolic reward of only 10 euros, but resul ...

French literature award in 1933, and in 1999 was named number five in Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century. Since its publication, the novel has an estimated total sale (in French) of 5 million copies, all editions considered, placing the book as a bestseller in the history of the Prix Goncourt.

Critical reception

The journalist

Christopher Hitchens Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was a British and American author and journalist. He was the author of Christopher Hitchens bibliography, 18 books on faith, religion, culture, politics, and literature. He was born ...

, while noting that Malraux had spent almost no time in China, claimed that the novel "pointed up the increasing weight of Asia in world affairs; it described epic moments of suffering and upheaval, in Shanghai especially (it was nearly filmed by Sergei Eisenstein); and it demonstrated a huge respect for Communism and for Communists while simultaneously evoking the tragedy of a revolution betrayed by Moscow." Malraux's biographer quotes the novel as saying "It was neither true nor false but what was experienced," and remarks that Malraux's China itself was "neither true in its detail nor false overall, but it is nonetheless imaginary," and that it "cannot quite break clear of a conventional idea of China with coolies, bamboo shoots, opium smokers, destitutes, and prostitutes." A 1961 Penguin edition of the MacDonald translation claims on its back cover that Malraux had been "a member of the revolutionary committee" in Shanghai. This claim is false. According to

Clara Malraux Clara Malraux ( Goldschmidt; 22 October 1897 – 15 December 1982) was a French writer and translator, and a member of the French Resistance during the Second World War. She was the first wife of the writer André Malraux. Early life She was ...

, André Malraux's wife, she and André did not visit China until 1931, around 4 years after the events depicted.

Film adaptations

Four attempts have been made to adapt ''Man's Fate'' as a motion picture, but none came to fruition. The first involved Fred Zinnemann, who spent three years preparing his film version of '' Man's Fate'' before the producing studio,

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. (also known as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, commonly shortened to MGM or MGM Studios) is an American Film production, film and television production and film distribution, distribution company headquartered ...

, cancelled the production one week before filming was to begin in November 1969. Independent producer Sidney Beckerman hired Costa-Gavras to adapt the novel and direct in 1979, but the project was abandoned when the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China denied permission to film in the country. The Italian director Bernardo Bertolucci proposed adapting the novel in the 1980s to the Chinese government; they preferred his alternative proposal, '' The Last Emperor'', a 1987 biopic based on the life of the Chinese Emperor Puyi. In 2001, the American filmmaker Michael Cimino announced he would create a film version of ''Man's Fate'' but the project remained unrealized.

Selected translations

The

WorldCat WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of tens of thousands of institutions (mostly libraries), in many countries, that are current or past members of the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc. Many of the O ...

listing for Man's Fate lists translations into at least seventeen languages.Showing all editions of ''Man's Fate''
/ref> * (Chinese) Li Yimin, Chen Jisheng, tr. 人的命运 ''Ren De Mingyun'' (Beijing: Zuojia Chubanshe, 1988) * (English) Haakon Chevalier. ''Man's Fate.'' (New York: Modern Library, 1934) * (English) Alistair Macdonald, tr. ''Storm in Shanghai'' Methuen 1934 reissued as ''Man's Estate'', 1948 * (Finnish) Juha Mannerkorpi, tr. ''Sielujen kapina'' he rebellion of souls(Helsinki: Tammi, 1947) * (Hebrew) Yitzhak Shenhar, tr. חיי אנוש ''Haye-Enosh : Roman.'' (Tel Aviv: Avraham Yosef Shtibel, 1935 * (Korean) 인간의조건 ''Ingan Chokon'' (Seoul: Hongsin Munhwasa, 2012) * (Polish) Adam Wazyk, tr.. ''Dola Czlowiecza.'' (Wroclaw .a Zaklad Narodowy Im. Ossolinskich, 2001) * (Spanish) César A. Comet and Mario Vargas Llosa, tr. ''La Condición Humana.'' (Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores, 2001) * (Swedish) Axel Claëson, tr. ''Människans lott'' (Stockholm: Tiden, 1934) * (Turkish) Ali Berktay, tr. ''Insanlik Durumu'' (Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari, 2003) * (Yiddish) Solomon Levadi, tr. דער גורל פון מענטש''Der Goyrl Fun Mentsh.'' (Varshe: Yidishe universal-bibliotek, 2000)

References

{{Authority control 1933 French novels Works by André Malraux French historical novels French philosophical novels Novels about revolutionaries Novels set in China Novels set in the 1920s Fiction set in 1927 Novels set in Shanghai History of Shanghai Prix Goncourt–winning works Chinese Communist Revolution Works set during the Chinese Civil War