''Mammonart. An Essay in Economic Interpretation'' (1925) is a book of

literary criticism A genre of arts criticism, literary criticism or literary studies is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical analysis of literature's ...

by the American novelist, journalist, and political activist

Upton Sinclair Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was an American author, muckraker journalist, and political activist, and the 1934 California gubernatorial election, 1934 Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party ...

. He offers his assessments, from a socialist point of view, of 85 past "great authors" (along with a few painters and composers) from Europe and the United States.

Background

In the late 1910s and 1920s, Sinclair wrote a series of books about American institutions and culture: '' The Profits of Religion'' (Christianity), ''

The Brass Check ''The Brass Check'' is a muckraking exposé of American journalism by Upton Sinclair published in 1919. It focuses mainly on newspapers and the Associated Press wire service, along with a few magazines. Other critiques of the press had appeared ...

'' (news media), '' The Goose-step'' (higher education), ''The Goslings'' (elementary and high school education), ''Mammonart'' (traditional literature, art and music), and ''Money Writes!'' (contemporary literature). He called these books the "Dead Hand" series—a sardonic derivation of

Adam Smith Adam Smith (baptised 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the field of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Seen by some as the "father of economics"——— or ...

's "

invisible hand The invisible hand is a metaphor inspired by the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith that describes the incentives which free markets sometimes create for self-interested people to accidentally act in the public interest, even ...

" that guides capitalism.

Sinclair's title merges " Mammon" and "art" to emphasize how art has always been, in his estimation, commodified and controlled by the wealthy. He begins the book with a

framing device A frame story (also known as a frame tale, frame narrative, sandwich narrative, or intercalation) is a literary technique that serves as a companion piece to a story within a story, where an introductory or main narrative sets the stage either fo ...

in the form of an extended allegory. It is, according to his biographer Anthony Arthur: ''Mammonart'' is interspersed with brief dialogues between a modern-day Mr. and Mrs. Ogi, as represented by Sinclair and his wife Mary Craig. They trade quips and barbs in a kind of running commentary on the book and on the history of art. In the majority of chapters, there is a short biography and critique of a famous writer from the past. Sinclair's assessment depends on how he measures that writer's level of support for the rich and powerful. He asserts that throughout history, most artists have not challenged the status quo, but instead took apolitical positions such as "art for art's sake" or "art is entertainment". From Sinclair's perspective, such artists perpetuated injustice and inequality no matter how beautiful the work they created. For example, in his chapter on

Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's natio ...

entitled "Phosphorescence and Decay", Sinclair praises the poet-playwright's glorious facility with words, but claims that Shakespeare's talent "saved him the need of thinking". In contrast,

Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English novelist, journalist, short story writer and social critic. He created some of literature's best-known fictional characters, and is regarded by many as the great ...

' unique contribution was to "force into the aristocratic and exclusive realms of art the revolutionary notion that the poor and degraded are equally as interesting as the rich and respectable." ''Mammonart'' is notable for Sinclair's repeated statement that all art, including his own, is propaganda. The popular distinction between "pure and unsullied creative artists" like

and

Goethe Johann Wolfgang (von) Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath who is widely regarded as the most influential writer in the German language. His work has had a wide-ranging influence on Western literature, literary, Polit ...

, and "propagandists" like

Jesus Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament, other names and titles, was a 1st-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. He is the Jesus in Chris ...

and

Tolstoi Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Tolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; ,Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as using pre-reform Russian orthography. ; ), usually referr ...

, "is purely a class distinction and a class weapon; itself a piece of ruling-class propaganda, a means of duping the minds of men, and keeping them enslaved to false standards of art and of life." The list of artists that Sinclair discusses is similar to, though shorter than, a 1940 list of

Great Books A classic is a book accepted as being exemplary or particularly noteworthy. What makes a book "classic" is a concern that has occurred to various authors ranging from Italo Calvino to Mark Twain and the related questions of "Why Read the Cl ...

. He also adds several writers who contemporary readers might deem of lesser importance, but who were regarded in the 1920s as part of the American literary canon. Artists discussed: #

Homer Homer (; , ; possibly born ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Despite doubts about his autho ...

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Raphael Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael ( , ), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. List of paintings by Raphael, His work is admired for its cl ...

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# Pushkin #

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# Dostoievski #

# Goncourt brothers #

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# Emile Verhaeren #

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# George Meredith #

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# Mrs. Humphry Ward #

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# Richard Harding Davis #

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# O. Henry #

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In the last chapter, Sinclair says he wrote ''Mammonart'' as a "text-book of culture". He predicts (somewhat

tongue-in-cheek Tongue-in-cheek is an idiom that describes a humorous or sarcastic statement expressed in a serious manner. History The phrase originally expressed contempt, but by 1842 had acquired its modern meaning. Early users of the phrase include Sir Walte ...

) that it will be used as a Russian high school text-book "within six months", and will be adopted by the rest of Europe "as soon as the social revolution comes".

Critical reception

As a self-described work of propaganda, ''Mammonart'' was mostly ignored by critics. ''

Current History ''Current History'' is the oldest extant United States–based publication devoted exclusively to contemporary world affairs. The magazine was founded in 1914 by George Washington Ochs Oakes, brother of ''The New York Times'' publisher Adolph ...

'' included a one-paragraph summary stating, "Mr. Sinclair contends that all art is propaganda, no matter how carefully disguised or how great the artist's devotion to the theory of 'art for art's sake.'" In '' The New English Weekly'', the literary scholar

Herbert Read Sir Herbert Edward Read, (; 4 December 1893 – 12 June 1968) was an English art historian, poet, literary critic and philosopher, best known for numerous books on art, which included influential volumes on the role of art in education. Read wa ...

accused Sinclair of denigrating outstanding writers out of spite, because "no critic of importance has ever mistaken imfor an artist. He is the ''poète manqué'', the cock without a comb. The midden he crows on is immense, but it is muck." A reviewer in the '' Sydney Bulletin'' offered a more generous interpretation, suggesting that Sinclair's book was often informative and amusing "if you drop entirely his theory".

Legacy

''Mammonart'' was reprinted in paperback in 2003 by Simon Publications. In 2022, the book was made available on

Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks." It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital li ...

Quotations

"All art is propaganda. It is universally and inescapably propaganda; sometimes unconsciously, but often deliberately, propaganda." (p. 9) "Great art is produced when propaganda of vitality and importance is put across with technical competence in terms of the art selected." (p. 10) On his enjoyment of John Bunyan's '' Pilgrims Progress'', "One does not escape the need of personal morality by espousing proletarian revolution." (p. 112)

References

External links

Sinclair's papers and manuscripts
are in the

Lilly Library The Lilly Library, located on the campus of Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, is an important rare book and manuscript library in the United States. At its dedication on October 3, 1960, the library contained a collection of 20,000 bo ...

Indiana University Indiana University (IU) is a state university system, system of Public university, public universities in the U.S. state of Indiana. The system has two core campuses, five regional campuses, and two regional centers under the administration o ...