Malan's triangles – comprising the ''triangle of conflict'' and the ''triangle of persons'' – were developed in 1979 by the psychotherapist David Malan as a way of illuminating the phenomenon of

transference Transference () is a phenomenon within psychotherapy in which repetitions of old feelings, attitudes, desires, or fantasies that someone displaces are subconsciously projected onto a here-and-now person. Traditionally, it had solely co ...

in psychotherapy, both brief and extended. Their application has continued to prove fruitful into the twenty-first century. This method also became a

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in which a therapist can reflect upon what he is doing or where he "is" in relational space at any given moment.

Origins

As Malan himself acknowledged, he drew the concept of his triangles from previous analytic writings (albeit combining in the process very different aspects of the tradition). The American Freudian

Karl Menninger Karl Augustus Menninger (July 22, 1893 – July 18, 1990) was an American psychiatrist, author, and activist. He was a member of the Menninger family of psychiatrists who founded the Menninger Foundation and the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, ...

- building on

Franz Alexander Franz Gabriel Alexander (; born Alexander Ferenc Gábor, ; 22 January 1891 – 8 March 1964) was a Hungarian-American psychoanalyst and physician, who is considered one of the founders of psychosomatic medicine and psychoanalytic criminology. ...

's concept of the totalizing transference interpretation, which linked past experience, life context and the analytic setting – set out what he called the triangle of insight, involving the three poles of analyst, past significant others, and present significant others. This triangle Malan renamed as the triangle of persons. Malan derived his second triangle from his

Tavistock Clinic The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust is a specialist mental health trust based in north London. The Trust specialises in talking therapies. The education and training department caters for 2,000 students a year from the United Kin ...

colleague, the Kleinian group therapist

Henry Ezriel Henry Ezriel (c1910-1985) was a Kleinian analyst who pioneered group analysis at the Tavistock Clinic. He is best known as the originator of one of the Malan triangles Malan's triangles – comprising the ''triangle of conflict'' and the ''triang ...

. Ezriel had used a three-tiered interpretation for identifying members' attitudes to the group – the required (surface) attitude, the wished-for attitude, and the catastrophic attitude (a traumatic expectation, fear of which helped turn the wished-for attitude into the required or conformist attitude). Simplified, Ezriel's three tiers became Malan's triangle of conflict, comprising defence, impulse and anxiety.

Usage

Malan's achievement was to place these very differently-sourced triangles in juxtaposition, the one to illuminate intra-psychic processes, the other the inter-personal. Malan himself claimed that “between them they can be used to represent almost every intervention that a therapist makes...skill consists in knowing which part of which triangle to include at any given moment”. Both triangles should be imagined as inverted, standing on their apex – which in the one consisted of the unconscious impulse, in the other of early childhood links to the parents. Much interpretation using the triangles concerns illuminating defences and current relationships, with reference to the unconscious feelings and personal transferences underlying them. The concept is deceptively simple but it is effective in approaching clinical situations no matter how convoluted or sophisticated they are. The Malan triangles are considered main components of Experiential Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (E-STDP), along with mirroring function and dynamic activities. They are also employed as ''

vade mecum A handbook is a type of reference work, or other collection of instructions, that is intended to provide ready reference. The term originally applied to a small or portable book containing information useful for its owner, but the ''Oxford Eng ...

'' in introducing the principles and practice of dynamic therapy to trainee therapists or experienced professionals who need to "unlearn" the tendency to help, advise, prescribe, and begin to acquire a new set of skills. Malan's triangles are used in several contemporary short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy approaches including Affect Phobia Therapy and Regulation-Focused Psychotherapy for Children (RFP-C).

Criticism

Critics have warned of the danger of the mechanical, overly-intellectual application of Malan's triangles in actual practice.G. Mander, ''A Psychodynamic Approach to Brief Therapy'' (2000) p. 17

References

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Origins

Usage

Criticism

See also

References

Further reading