The Major National Dialogue () is the official name of a dialogue between the
Government of Cameroon
The Republic of Cameroon is a decentralized unitary state.
State power
In the Republic of Cameroon, the President of the Republic and the Parliament exercise 'State power' as per Article 4 of the constitution of Cameroon.
Executive power
' Execut ...
and various opposition parties, aimed at resolving the
Anglophone Crisis
The Anglophone Crisis (), also known as the Ambazonia War of Independence, is an List of ongoing armed conflicts, ongoing armed conflict in the English language, English-speaking Northwest Region (Cameroon), Northwest and Southwest Region (Came ...
. The event took place between September 30 and October 4, 2019.
[Cameroon: Gov't creates website for reception of contributions ahead of National dialogue](_blank)
Journal du Cameroun, Sep 19, 2019. Accessed Sep 23 ,2019.
Background
For decades, Anglophone Cameroonians in the area formerly known as
Southern Cameroons
The Southern Cameroons was the southern part of the British League of Nations mandate territory of the British Cameroons in West Africa. Since 1961, it has been part of the Republic of Cameroon, where it makes up the Northwest Region and Southw ...
had resented the central government for marginalizing them. In October 2016,
major protests broke out in cities in the Anglophone regions. The Cameroonian government responded by deploying soldiers to quell the protests. Six weeks into the demonstrations, six demonstrators had been killed and more than 100 had been arrested. In September 2017, Anglophone separatists began to take up arms against the Cameroonian government, and on October 1, the
Southern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front declared the independence of the
Federal Republic of Ambazonia. The situation evolved into a military conflict including
human rights violations
Human rights are universally recognized moral principles or norms that establish standards of human behavior and are often protected by both national and international laws. These rights are considered inherent and inalienable, meaning t ...
called the
Anglophone Crisis
The Anglophone Crisis (), also known as the Ambazonia War of Independence, is an List of ongoing armed conflicts, ongoing armed conflict in the English language, English-speaking Northwest Region (Cameroon), Northwest and Southwest Region (Came ...
.
[CHRDA publishes shocking list of military atrocities in Cameroon’s NW, SW regions](_blank)
, Journal du Cameroun, Aug 22, 2018. Accessed Aug 22, 2018.
Negotiations
On September 10, 2019, President of Cameroon
Paul Biya
Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo, 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who has been serving as the second president of Cameroon since 1982. He was previously the fifth Prime Minister of Cameroon, prime minister under Pre ...
announced in a televised speech that a "grand national dialogue" would take place before the end of the month. The dialogue would take place "within the context of the constitution", hence ruling out Ambazonian independence, and would include the Anglophone Cameroonian diaspora. A government website was subsequently launched, where people could submit proposals ahead of the dialogue.
Course of the dialogue
September 30
The dialogue started with an opening ceremony, where former separatist fighters sang the
Cameroonian national anthem. Afterwards,
Prime Minister
A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...
Joseph Ngute
Joseph Dion Ngute (born 12 March 1954) is a Cameroonian jurist and politician serving as the List of Prime Ministers of Cameroon, 9th Prime Minister of Cameroon, prime minister of Cameroon, following his appointment in January 2019. He succeede ...
challenged the attendants to "make history" and find solutions to "the problems that have separated us physically and intellectually in recent years".
October 1
Debates started fully on the second day of the dialogue. Eight commissions had been named, each focusing on a particular issue; one for multiculturalism and bilingualism, one for the educational system, one for the judicial system, one for the question of refugees, one for reconstruction, one for disarmament, one for the diaspora and one for decentralization.
[Cameroon: Major National Dialogue enter day two](_blank)
Journal du Cameroun, Oct 1, 2019. Accessed Oct 4, 2019.
At the end of the second day, Barrister Akere Muna of the "Now Movement" declared that he would withdraw from the dialogue unless the form of state would be discussed.
October 2
The third day had the same focus as the second day. Barrister
Felix Agbor Balla declared that the dialogue would be pointless unless the form of state was discussed, insisting that decentralization would be insufficient.
October 3
On the fourth day, the commissions submitted their recommendations to the Prime Minister. As the Major National Dialogue neared its conclusion, President Paul Biya issued a decree that discontinued the court cases against 333 Anglophone activists.
Responding to the presence of separatist generals as the dialogue, the
Ambazonia Self-Defence Council
The Ambazonia Self-Defence Council (ASC), also known as Ambazonia Military Council (AMC), Ambazonia Military Forces (AMF), and Ambazonia Restoration Forces (ARF), issued a statement claiming that these separatists were fake.
October 4
On the fifth day, final resolutions were read. The decentralization commission proposed a special status for the Anglophone regions, as well as more local autonomy. Other recommendations included the construction of an airport and a seaport in the Anglophone regions, the renaming of the country to the "United Republic of Cameroon", measures against corruption, and an intensified effort to rehabilitate former separatist fighters.
[Cameroon's Anglophone conflict: Will the National Dialogue make any difference?](_blank)
BBC, Oct 5, 2019. Accessed Oct 5, 2019.
Outcome: Special status for Anglophone regions
In December 2019, the National Assembly of Cameroon passed legislation, granting "special status" to the
Northwest
The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A '' compass rose'' is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west— ...
and
Southwest
The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A '' compass rose'' is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west— ...
regions giving them additional rights and responsibilities in relation to economic, health, social, educational, sports and cultural development. Under the special status the regions would each have a bicameral Regional Assembly, made up of a 20-member House of Chiefs composed of traditional leaders and a 70-member House of Regional Representatives nominated by municipal councils. The Regional Assembly would appoint a Regional Executive Council which is led by the President of the Regional Assembly and includes a vice president, three commissioners, two secretaries and a questor. Additional powers over health and education were also granted to municipalities in both regions.
Reactions
Reactions to the announcement
Within Cameroon
=Support
=
*The
United People for Social Renovation supported the initiative. Its leader Serge Espoir Matomba met with the Prime Minister ahead of the dialogue to submit his proposals.
*The Cameroon People's Party submitted its own proposals and views to the Prime Minister ahead of the dialogue.
*
Felix Agbor Balla, President of the Centre for Human Right and Democracy, supported the initiative, but stressed that separatists should be given a guarantee that they would not be arrested if they showed up.
=Conditional support
=
*The
Social Democratic Front offered conditional support of the initiative, demanding a ceasefire and amnesty to all separatists who had been jailed. The party also declared that the dialogue should be chaired by a neutral third party, suggesting the United States, the United Kingdom or Germany. Later, the SDF accused the ruling
CPDM party of sending a disproportionate number of representatives to the dialogue.
*Cardinal
Christian Tumi, Archbishop Emeritus of
Douala
Douala is the largest city in Cameroon and its economic capital. It is also the capital of Cameroon's Littoral Region (Cameroon), Littoral Region. It was home to Central Africa's largest port, now being replaced by Kribi port. It has the country ...
, stated that Ambazonian independence should not be ruled out from the onset.
=Opposition
=
*The
Cameroon Renaissance Movement
The Cameroon Renaissance Movement (, MRC) is a political party in Cameroon.
History
The party was established in August 2012 by Maurice Kamto. It won a single seat in the Cameroonian parliamentary election, 2013, 2013 parliamentary elections.
...
declared that it would not participate unless its leader
Maurice Kamto
Maurice Kamto (born 15 February 1954 in Bafoussam) is a Cameroonian politician, Jurist, law professor and barrister. He is one of the founders of the opposition Cameroon Renaissance Movement (MRC).
Career
He was a List of members of the Intern ...
was released from jail. Kamto had been in jail since the immediate aftermath of the
2018 Cameroonian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Cameroon on 7 October 2018.
Background
The previous presidential elections on 9 October 2011 saw incumbent president Paul Biya elected for another seven-year term following a 2008 constitutional amendment tha ...
, in which he had claimed victory. This demand was eventually met after the dialogue had taken place.
Separatist response
*The
Southern Cameroons Liberation Council, an umbrella movement of several Ambazonian separatist groups, including the
Interim Government of Ambazonia, immediately dismissed the dialogue as insincere, citing the recent life sentences handed to
Sisiku Julius Ayuk Tabe and other detained separatist leaders.
Ebenezer Akwanga stated that it was far too late to talk about reforms, and that the separatists would only settle for independence.
**Despite this, separatist fighters from
Fako Division agreed to participate through a telephone conference.
Reactions at conclusion
The ruling CPDM party welcomed the recommendations from the commissions. Some attendants criticized the structure of the dialogue, as well as the fact that separation was not debated as an alternative. Others characterized the five-day event as a sham.
The separatists reaffirmed their rejection of the dialogue, promising to step up the war.
In December 2020, the
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...
urged the government of Cameroon to address the issues that had been brought up at the Major National Dialogue and to continue the dialogue process with all parties involved. François Loucemy Fall, Head of the UN Regional Office for Central Africa, stated that "the implementation of the recommendations from the major national dialogue, in addition to continued dialogue with all parties, remains crucial to building lasting peace and development".
Aftermath
The day after the conclusion of the dialogue, President Biya ordered the dropping of the cases of some supporters of the
Cameroon Renaissance Movement
The Cameroon Renaissance Movement (, MRC) is a political party in Cameroon.
History
The party was established in August 2012 by Maurice Kamto. It won a single seat in the Cameroonian parliamentary election, 2013, 2013 parliamentary elections.
...
, including its leader
Maurice Kamto
Maurice Kamto (born 15 February 1954 in Bafoussam) is a Cameroonian politician, Jurist, law professor and barrister. He is one of the founders of the opposition Cameroon Renaissance Movement (MRC).
Career
He was a List of members of the Intern ...
.
[Cameroon orders release of main opposition leader Maurice Kamto](_blank)
France24, Oct 5, 2019. Accessed Oct 5, 2019. This move was directly linked to the Major National Dialogue. On November 16, two government delegations started embarked on a mission in the Anglophone regions to win popular support for the conclusions of the Major National Dialogue. In particular, the delegations aimed to convince the populace that a "special status" for the Anglophone regions would address their grievances. This resulted in the "General Code of Regional and Local Authorities", which was passed by the
Cameroonian parliament on December 18, 2019.
The war in the Anglophone regions intensified in the weeks following the dialogue. Maintaining its military approach to resolving the crisis, the Cameroonian government began to focus on creating local vigilante groups to fight the separatist guerilla. The separatists intensified their guerilla war against Cameroon, notably by assassinating a separatist general mere days after he had laid down his arms.
Why has violence increased since Cameroon’s National Dialogue?
African Arguments, Oct 29, 2019. Accessed Oct 29, 2019.
References
{{reflist
External links
Official website
Political history of Cameroon
Anglophone Crisis
2019 in Cameroon
Peace processes