Magyaron, also Magyarons (, , , , , ), is the name of a Transcarpathian ethno-cultural group, which has an openly Hungarian orientation. They renounced their native language, culture and religion and promoted

Magyarization Magyarization ( , also Hungarianization; ), after "Magyar"—the Hungarian autonym—was an assimilation or acculturation process by which non-Hungarian nationals living in the Kingdom of Hungary, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, adop ...

of the Rusyn and Ukrainian population. The Magyarons did not embrace the Ukrainian identity of the

Ruthenians A ''Ruthenian'' and ''Ruthene'' are exonyms of Latin language, Latin origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common Ethnonym, ethnonyms for East Slavs, particularly during the late medieval and early modern periods. The Latin term ...

Carpathian Ruthenia Transcarpathia (, ) is a historical region on the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast. From the Hungarian Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, conquest of the Carpathian Basin ...

but maintained their separate Rusyn identity. From 1920 to 1940, the group promoted the idea of rejoining

Subcarpathian Rus' Transcarpathia (, ) is a historical region on the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast. From the Hungarian Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, conquest of the Carpathian Basin ...

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

,Hungary – Social and economic developments".

Encyclopædia Britannica The is a general knowledge, general-knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It has been published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, ...

. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20. where about 185 000 ethnic

Hungarians Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are an Ethnicity, ethnic group native to Hungary (), who share a common Culture of Hungary, culture, Hungarian language, language and History of Hungary, history. They also have a notable presence in former pa ...

lived at the time.

History

The term "Magyaron" and "Magyaronian", was used as a political pejorative term for pro-Hungarians, associated with national betrayal or treason, originated in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century in Ruthenian environments and was used to describe magyarized

, loyal to the Hungarian state.

conducted by Hungarian authorities were a principal factor in the emergence of the Magyarons, but the

were historically pro-Hungarian and sided with Rákóczi in

Rákóczi's War of Independence Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703–1711) was the first significant attempt to topple the rule of the Habsburgs over Royal Hungary, Hungary. The war was conducted by a group of noblemen, wealthy and high-ranking progressives and was led by F ...

. In fact, Ruthenians enjoyed collective privileges in the kingdom by law, which the Hungarians refused to abolish even against the wishes of Vienna. In Hungarian society, the knowledge of

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

, or Hungarian (or in some regions Croatian) was a criterion to obtain education, occupy a high position and enjoy career advancement, or simply have means of subsistence. In time of Ukrainian Revolution, the Magyarons conducted activities against the accession of Transcarpathia to

West Ukrainian People's Republic The West Ukrainian People's Republic (; West Ukrainian People's Republic#Name, see other names) was a short-lived state that controlled most of Eastern Galicia from November 1918 to July 1919. It included major cities of Lviv, Ternopil, Kolom ...

. During

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

, Magyarons worked closely with the Hungarian government, attacked the ''Sichovyks'' (soldiers of Carpathian Sich) and participated in torture and shootings of them. Pro-Hungarian sentiment ended after the

Czechoslovak Czechoslovak may refer to: *A demonym or adjective pertaining to Czechoslovakia (1918–93) **First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–38) **Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–39) **Third Czechoslovak Republic (1948–60) ** Fourth Czechoslovak Repu ...

government imposed

Slovakization Slovakization or Slovakisation (, ) is a form of either forced or voluntary cultural assimilation and acculturation, during which non-Slovak nationals give up their culture and language in favor of the Slovak one. This process has relied most ...

on the people.

Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council

On November 9, 1918, in Ungvár (now

Uzhhorod Uzhhorod (, ; , ; , ) is a List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality on the Uzh, Uzh River in western Ukraine, at the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary. The city is approximately equidistan ...

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

), the "Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council" was formed by the Magyarons, headed by the canon of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Munkács, Simeon Sabov (1863–1929). The Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council adopted the "Memorandum", which stated that the Hungarian-Rusyn people would join their homeland, Hungary, and advocated for the integrity of its territory. The main pro-Hungarian party in

Transcarpathia Transcarpathia (, ) is a historical region on the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast. From the Hungarian Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, conquest of the Carpathian Basin ...

was the Autonomous Agricultural Union ( Hungarian: Kárpátaljai Földműves Szövetség), founded in 1924 by Kurtyak Ivan Fedorovich. This party was called "Kurtyakiv", and its followers were called kurtyakivtsi. It fought for autonomy and nurtured the Carpathian Ruthenian-Hungarian alliance and relations with Hungary. The KFSZ bombarded the government in Prague to give land to the people of Transcarpathia and defended the interests of the Ruthenian and Hungarian peasantry during the land reform. The self-determinism of Transcarpathia was also emphasised in the Hungarian press. Its leader, who was also the first prime minister of Transcarpathia (Podkarpatská Rus) Bródy András was inprisoned by Czechoslovak authorities in

Pankrác Pankrác is a neighborhood of Prague, Czech Republic. It is located south of the city centre on the hills of the eastern bank of the Vltava River and is part of the Prague 4 municipal district, situated in the district of Nusle. Bordering distri ...

. Brody believed that minority

nation A nation is a type of social organization where a collective Identity (social science), identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, t ...

s could be part of the unified Hungarian nation-body (nemzettest). In 1939 Hungary regained some of the territory, after which crowds protested for his release. He arrived back in

(originally Ungvár) on the 5th of March, where thousands of Hungarians and Ruthenians ware waiting for his arrival. They welcomed him with these words: "Welcome to our beautiful Hungary. Long live Bródy, long live the Hungarian-Ruthenian brotherhood!"

References

Sources

Довідник з історії України

History

Hungarian-Rusyn People's Council

See also

References

Sources

Further reading