() is a particular

dialect A dialect is a Variety (linguistics), variety of language spoken by a particular group of people. This may include dominant and standard language, standardized varieties as well as Vernacular language, vernacular, unwritten, or non-standardize ...

of basilectal

Quebec French Quebec French ( ), also known as Québécois French, is the predominant variety (linguistics), variety of the French language spoken in Canada. It is the dominant language of the province of Quebec, used in everyday communication, in education, ...

spoken in the

Trois-Rivières Trois-Rivières (, ; ) is a city in the Mauricie administrative region of Quebec, Canada. It is located at the confluence of the Saint-Maurice River, Saint-Maurice and Saint Lawrence River, Saint Lawrence rivers, on the north shore of the Sain ...

area, between Trois-Rivières and Maskinongé. Long before a military fort was constructed there, Trois-Rivières became in 1615 the first stronghold of the

coureurs des bois A coureur des bois (; ) or coureur de bois (; ) were independent entrepreneurial French Canadians, French Canadian traders who travelled in New France and the interior of North America, usually to trade with Indigenous peoples of the Americas, ...

outside the city of

Québec Quebec is Canada's largest province by area. Located in Central Canada, the province shares borders with the provinces of Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, New Brunswick to the southeast and a coastal border ...

. ''Magoua'' is the

ethnonym An ethnonym () is a name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (whose name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms, or endonyms (whose name is created and used ...

applied to their descendants in the area. Magoua is the most conservative of all Quebec French varieties, including Joual. It preserves the ''sontaient'' ("étaient") characteristic of

Métis French Métis French () is one of the traditional languages of the Métis people along with Michif and Bungi, and is the French-dialect source of Michif. Features Métis French is a variety of Canadian French with some added characters such as Ññ ...

and

Louisiana French Louisiana French (Louisiana French: ''français louisianais''; ) includes the dialects and varieties of the French language spoken traditionally by French Louisianians in colonial Lower Louisiana. As of today Louisiana French is primarily use ...

, has a creole-like past tense particle ''tà'' and has old present-tense contraction of a former verb "to be" that behave in the same manner as subject

clitic In morphology and syntax, a clitic ( , backformed from Greek "leaning" or "enclitic"Crystal, David. ''A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics''. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.) is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a ...

s. Its name may derive from a word in

Atikamekw The Atikamekw are an Indigenous people in Canada. Their historic territory, ('Our Land'), is in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley of Quebec (about north of Montreal). One of the main communities is Manawan, about northeast of Montreal. ...

: (), which means ''loon'' (Gavia immer).

Morphology and vocabulary

Bibliography

*Demharter, Cheryl A. 1980. «Les diphtongues du français canadien de la Mauricie.» ''The French Review'' 53.848-864. *Demharter, Cheryl A. 1981. ''Une Étude phonologique du français parlé à Sainte-Flore, Province de Québec''. Tulane University, New Orleans: Ph.D. dissertatio

*Deshaies, Denise. 1974. ''A socio-phonetic study of a Quebec French community: Trois-Rivières''. University College of London: Doctoral thesis, 390

*Deshaies, Denise. 1982. "Le français parlé à Trois-Rivières et le français parlé dans la ville de Québec". ''Langue et Société au Québec'', Québec, 11-13 novembre 1982 (Atelier 215). *Deshaies, Denise. 1984. "Deux analyses sociolinguistiques: Trois-Rivières et Québec". In Michel Amyot & (ed.), ''Le statut culturel du français au Québec''. Québec: Éditeur officiel du Québec, vol. 2,

*Hardy, René. 2015. «Magouas et fiers de l’être.» ''La Gazette de la Mauricie'', 9 janvie

*Michaud, Émmanuel. 2014. ''Ni Amérindiens ni Eurocanadiens: une approche néomoderne du culturalisme métis au Canada''. Thèse Ph.D., Université Laval, Québe

*Wittmann, Henri, 1976. «Contraintes linguistiques et sociales dans la troncation du /l/ à Trois-Rivières.» Cahiers de linguistique de l'Université du Québec 6.13-2

* * *Wittmann, Henri, 1998. Les créolismes syntaxiques du français magoua parlé aux Trois-Rivières." ''Français d'Amérique: variation, créolisation, normalisation'' ('Actes du colloque, Université d'Avignon, 8-11 oct. 1996'), dir. Patrice Brasseur, 229-48. Avignon: Université d'Avignon, Centre d'études canadienne

*Wittmann, Henri, 1999. "Les équivalents non existentiels du verbe ''être'' dans les langues de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, en créole haïtien et en français magoua." Communication, 9e Congrès international des études créoles, Aix-en-Provence, 24-29 juin 1999. English abstract: "Non-existential analogues of the verb ''to be'' in West African Languages, in Haitian Creole and in Magoua French

*Wittmann, Henri, 2001. "Les Magouas aux Trois-Rivières." Conférence, Premier Séminaire annuel du Centre d'analyse des langues et littératures francophones d'Amérique, Carleton University, Ottawa, mars 2001.

Morphology and vocabulary

Bibliography

See also