''Mad Max'' is an Australian
media franchise
A media franchise, also known as a multimedia franchise, is a collection of related media in which several derivative works have been produced from an original creative work of fiction, such as a film, a work of literature, a television program, o ...
created by
George Miller and
Byron Kennedy. It centres on a series of
post-apocalyptic
Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction are genres of speculative fiction in which the Earth's (or another planet's) civilization is collapsing or has collapsed. The apocalypse event may be climatic, such as runaway climate change; astronom ...
and
dystopia
A dystopia (lit. "bad place") is an imagined world or society in which people lead wretched, dehumanized, fearful lives. It is an imagined place (possibly state) in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically a totalitarian or environmen ...
n
action film
The action film is a film genre that predominantly features chase sequences, fights, shootouts, explosions, and stunt work. The specifics of what constitutes an action film has been in scholarly debate since the 1980s. While some scholars such as D ...
s. The franchise began in 1979 with ''
Mad Max'', and was followed by three sequels: ''
Mad Max 2
''Mad Max 2'' (released as ''The Road Warrior'' in the United States) is a 1981 Australian Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction, post-apocalyptic Utopian and dystopian fiction, dystopian action film directed by George Miller (filmmaker), G ...
'' (1981; released in the United States as ''The Road Warrior''), ''
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome'' (1985) and ''
Mad Max: Fury Road'' (2015); Miller directed or co-directed all four films. A spin-off, ''
Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga'', was released in 2024 and was also directed by Miller.
Mel Gibson
Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson (born January 3, 1956) is an American actor and filmmaker. The recipient of List of awards and nominations received by Mel Gibson, multiple accolades, he is known for directing historical films as well for his act ...
originally portrayed the series's title character,
Max Rockatansky, in the first three films, while
Tom Hardy and
Jacob Tomuri portrayed the character in the later two films.
The series follows Max, who starts the series as a police officer in a future Australia which is experiencing
societal collapse
Societal collapse (also known as civilizational collapse or systems collapse) is the fall of a complex human society characterized by the loss of cultural identity and of social complexity as an Complex adaptive system, adaptive system, the downf ...
due to war, critical resource shortages, and
ecocide
Ecocide (from Greek 'home' and Latin 'to kill') is the destruction of the natural environment, environment by humans. Ecocide threatens all human populations that are dependent on natural resources for maintaining Ecosystem, ecosystems and ensu ...
. As Australia devolves further into barbarity, Max becomes a wandering drifter in the wasteland. He periodically encounters remaining pockets of civilisation, which rope him into their political machinations or personal problems. Max, who is habitually wary of others, frequently struggles to decide whether to help others or go his own way. Ultimately, he assists the survivors in the nick of time before departing into the wasteland once more.
The series has had a highly positive reception; ''Mad Max 2'' and ''Fury Road'' in particular have been ranked among the
best action films ever made. The series has also had a
significant impact on popular culture, most notably
apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction are genres of speculative fiction in which the Earth's (or another planet's) civilization is collapsing or has collapsed. The apocalypse event may be climatic, such as runaway climate change; astronom ...
, and encompasses works in additional media including video games and comic books. In 2016, ''Fury Road'' became the first film of the ''Mad Max'' franchise to receive
Academy Award
The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in film. They are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) in the United States in recognition of excellence ...
recognition, winning six of its ten nominations. It is an example of the
dieselpunk genre.
Premise and continuity
The exact causes of the collapse of civilization in the series are never specified, but some details are given. In the timeline of the original three films, the
1979 oil crisis
A drop in oil production in the wake of the Iranian revolution led to an energy crisis in 1979. Although the global oil supply only decreased by approximately four percent, the oil markets' reaction raised the price of crude oil drastically ...
caused by the
Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution (, ), also known as the 1979 Revolution, or the Islamic Revolution of 1979 (, ) was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Impe ...
worsened, leading to worldwide energy shortages and unrest. Tensions boiled over when Iranian forces attacked
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about , making it the List of Asian countries ...
, igniting a massive
war in the Middle East and around the world. In the timeline of the later two films, the collapse happened around the 2010s, and was caused by a combination of
resource wars and subsequent
environmental damage
Environment most often refers to:
__NOTOC__
* Natural environment, referring respectively to all living and non-living things occurring naturally and the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism ...
.
The first ''Mad Max'' film takes place in the original timeline and is a mostly traditional origin story. In a dystopian Australia where the
government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a State (polity), state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive (government), execu ...
no longer has the capacity to effectively protect its citizens, Max Rockatansky is a skilled policeman trying to keep order on the highways. When Max takes his family to the beach for a holiday, a vicious biker gang murders his wife and child. Max kills the gang in revenge. Disillusioned by the collapse of ordered society, Max quits his job and becomes a wanderer in the increasingly devastated wasteland.
The remaining ''Mad Max'' films follow Max's comings and goings in the wasteland. By ''Mad Max 2'',
global war has destroyed the remaining world governments. The old society has essentially collapsed, and gangs and warlords dominate the wasteland. Isolated pockets of civilisation remain, desperately preserving remnants of pre-apocalyptic technology, especially oil refineries (''Mad Max 2'', ''Furiosa'', ''Fury Road''). By the time of ''Beyond Thunderdome'', ''Furiosa'', and ''Fury Road'', society has devolved into a
barter economy, with
chattel and
sex slavery being widespread. ''Furiosa'' and ''Fury Road'' also suggest that
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...
and other pre-apocalypse World religions have been replaced by new religions native to the wasteland. While most of the wasteland appears to be desert-like there have been a few green areas as seen in ''Beyond Thunderdome'' and ''Furiosa''.
During his wanderings, Max periodically encounters remaining pockets of civilisation, which rope him into their political machinations or personal problems. Typically, Max goes along for self-interested reasons, but eventually his motives become more altruistic. ''Mad Max'' films typically highlight their protagonists' struggle to reclaim their humanity in a dystopian wasteland that has taught them to place little value on kindness and decency.
Most ''Mad Max'' films are told from the perspective of a
questionably reliable narrator retelling the story many years after the fact, suggesting that the characters of Max and Furiosa have crossed over into the folklore of a survivor civilisation. (Although ''Fury Road'' lacks a narrator, Miller has said that in his mind, it was also "based on the Word Burgers of the History Men
f. folktales told by bards or griots">griot.html" ;"title="f. folktales told by bards or griot">f. folktales told by bards or griotsand eyewitness accounts of those who survived.") Miller "sees ''Mad Max'' as a series of legends about the titular character, the kinds of campfire stories that might be passed around in the Wasteland at dark."
Because ''Mad Max'' films are generally told as folklore, the ''Mad Max'' franchise has historically been less concerned with continuity than most science fiction or fantasy franchises, like ''Star Wars'' or ''Star Trek''. There is "no strict chronology,"
and the films are allowed to contradict each other.
At least one critic has suggested that "the franchise’s canon cannot be reconciled in any way — barring the introduction of time travel."
Films
''Mad Max'' (1979)
''Mad Max'' is a 1979 Australian action film directed by George Miller and written by Miller and James McCausland from a story by Miller and producer Byron Kennedy. Set "a few years from now", it tells the story of highway policeman Max Rockatansky, who is repeatedly attacked by a criminal biker gang amidst a broader Societal collapse">social breakdown, and who is caught between his opposing desires to stay home with his family and to take revenge on the bikers.
The film, starring the then little-known
Mel Gibson
Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson (born January 3, 1956) is an American actor and filmmaker. The recipient of List of awards and nominations received by Mel Gibson, multiple accolades, he is known for directing historical films as well for his act ...
, was released internationally in 1980. It became a top-grossing Australian film, and has been credited for further opening the global market to Australian New Wave films. For twenty years, it held the record in the ''Guinness Book of Records'' for the most profitable film ever made. ''The Blair Witch Project'' claimed the record in 1999.
''Mad Max 2'' (1981)
''Mad Max 2'' (released as ''The Road Warrior'' in the United States) is a 1981 Australian
post-apocalyptic
Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction are genres of speculative fiction in which the Earth's (or another planet's) civilization is collapsing or has collapsed. The apocalypse event may be climatic, such as runaway climate change; astronom ...
action film directed by George Miller and written by Miller,
Terry Hayes, and
Brian Hannant. Mel Gibson returned as Max Rockatansky. In this film, the societal breakdown depicted in ''Mad Max'' has degenerated into a global apocalypse, for which the film's prologue provides additional backstory. Max, now wandering through the post-apocalyptic wasteland, meets a community of oil drillers trying to defend itself against a roving band of marauders. The film follows an archetypal "Western" frontier movie motif, as does Max's role as a hardened man who rediscovers his humanity. Miller explained that the ''Mad Max'' films "effectively look forward to the past ... in the same way that the American Western allowed for allegory figures playing out morality tales in a landscape."
This sequel to Miller's ''Mad Max'' was a worldwide box office success that further boosted the career of Mel Gibson.
''Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome'' (1985)
''Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome'' is a 1985 film, the third installment in the franchise. The film was directed by George Miller and
George Ogilvie
George Buchan Ogilvie (5 March 1931 – 5 April 2020) was a prolific Australian theatre director and actor, who also worked as a director and actor in film and television. He was known for being the founding artistic director of the State Theat ...
, was written by Miller and Terry Hayes, and starred Mel Gibson and
Tina Turner
Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939 – May 24, 2023) was a singer, songwriter, actress, and author. Dubbed the "Honorific nicknames in popular music, Queen of Rock 'n' Roll", her vocal prowess, raspy voice, and electrifyin ...
. In this film, Max is still wandering through the wasteland, civilisation has shifted to a barter economy, and gladiatorial combat is a key source of entertainment. After robbers steal Max's belongings, Bartertown's ruler Aunty Entity (played by Turner) recruits Max to fight a political rival in her "Thunderdome", with a promise to replace his belongings if he wins. In addition, Max also has an encounter with a lost tribe of children.
Miller initially lost interest in the project after his friend and producer Byron Kennedy was killed in a helicopter crash, but he later agreed to move forward with the assistance of Ogilvie. The original music score was composed by
Maurice Jarre.
''Mad Max: Fury Road'' (2015)
''Mad Max: Fury Road'', the fourth film of the franchise, is a 2015 post-apocalyptic action film directed by George Miller and written by Miller,
Brendan McCarthy, and
Nico Lathouris. It features
Tom Hardy as Mad Max and
Charlize Theron
Charlize Theron ( ; ; born 7 August 1975) is a South African and American actress and producer. One of the world's highest-paid actresses, she is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. In 201 ...
as his unlikely ally
Imperator Furiosa. In this film, the remaining trappings of pre-apocalyptic civilisation have given way to a system of ruthless warlords, who dominate Australia's remaining agricultural and industrial centers with their private armies. Max, still wandering the wasteland, is captured by warlord
Immortan Joe, but seizes the opportunity to escape when Joe's lieutenant Furiosa attempts her own escape from Joe's fortress with Immortan Joe's remaining wives. Max and Furiosa team up to fend off Joe's army so that they can reach Furiosa's home called the "Green Place", from where she was kidnapped twenty years earlier.
The film spent many years in
development hell; Mel Gibson was attached to return as Max in 2003, but the production fell through.
Location scouting
Location scouting is a vital process in the pre-production stage of filmmaking and commercial photography. Once scriptwriters, producers or directors have decided what general kind of scenery they require for the various parts of their work ...
resumed in 2009, but production was delayed until June 2012 due to unusually high levels of rain, which caused vegetation to grow in the Australian desert, detracting from the post-apocalyptic feeling that Miller wanted. Shooting ultimately took place in Namibia the following year.
In 2016, ''Fury Road'' won six
Academy Awards
The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in film. They are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) in the United States in recognition of excellence in ...
from ten nominations; the six wins were more than any other film that year. In Metacritic's tally of 105 critic lists of the best films of the decade, ''Fury Road'' topped more lists than any other film, with 20 critics placing it at number one, over twice as many as second-placed ''
Moonlight
Moonlight consists of mostly sunlight (with little earthlight) reflected from the parts of the Moon's surface where the Sun's light strikes.
History
The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras was aware that "''the sun provides the moon with its ...
''. In addition, a 2016
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...
poll of 177 film critics listed ''Mad Max: Fury Road'' as the 19th-
best film of the 21st century.
''Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga'' (2024)
''Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga'', the fifth film in the franchise, is a 2024 post-apocalyptic action film directed by George Miller and written by Miller and Nico Lathouris. It is a prequel to ''Fury Road''; Miller said that while the franchise has "no strict chronology," it "probably" takes place after ''Beyond Thunderdome''.
The film stars
Anya Taylor-Joy
Anya-Josephine Marie Taylor-Joy (; born 16 April 1996) is an actress. Born in Miami and raised in Buenos Aires and London, she left school at the age of 16 to pursue an acting career. After a series of small television roles, her Breakthrough ...
as Furiosa and
Chris Hemsworth as her adversary, the warlord Dementus; in addition,
Jacob Tomuri portrays Mad Max in a cameo appearance.
In this origin film, Furiosa is kidnapped from the "Green Place" by members of Dementus's Biker Horde as Dementus later sells her to Immortan Joe. Over the following decade, she trains as a soldier and mechanic so that she can take revenge on Dementus for killing her mother.
While writing ''Fury Road'', Miller and McCarthy found that they had enough story material for two additional scripts, one of which centered on ''Fury Road'' co-protagonist Imperator Furiosa. In March 2020, it was announced that Miller had begun auditioning new actresses for the title role; Miller considered using
digital de-aging technology to make Charlize Theron look like she was in her twenties, but decided that the technology had not yet overcome the
uncanny valley
The effect is a hypothesized psychological and aesthetic relation between an object's degree of resemblance to a human being and the emotional response to the object. The uncanny valley hypothesis predicts that an entity appearing almost huma ...
.
Although ''Furiosa'', like ''Fury Road'', was disrupted by inclement weather in Australia, advances in VFX technology allowed the ''Furiosa'' shoot to move forward in Australia as originally planned.
Shooting took place from June to October 2022.
''Mad Max: The Wasteland'' (TBA)
In March 2015, Hardy revealed that he was attached to star in three more ''Mad Max'' films, following ''Fury Road''. After the release of ''Fury Road'', Miller announced that he was planning to release a follow-up film with the working title of ''Mad Max: The Wasteland''. Miller provided more concrete details while promoting his films ''
Three Thousand Years of Longing'' and ''Furiosa''. He revealed that ''The Wasteland'' would be another ''Fury Road'' prequel, explaining that he and Lathouris had written what was "basically ... a novella" about Max's travels in the Wasteland in the year preceding his capture by Immortan Joe's forces at the start of ''Fury Road'', and that they were planning to adapt the novella into a screenplay. Miller envisioned that ''The Wasteland'' would feature a character-based story like that of ''Furiosa'', although there would still be "a lot of action."
He added that he was "waiting to see the reception on ''Furiosa''" before taking more concrete steps.
Following the release of ''Furiosa'', Hardy (who was promoting The Bikeriders at the time) said "I don't think it's happening" in an interview, either talking about his involvement in the film or the film itself.
Miller confirmed in a February 2025 interview with ''
Vulture
A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion. There are 23 extant species of vulture (including condors). Old World vultures include 16 living species native to Europe, Africa, and Asia; New World vultures are restricted to Nort ...
'' that he was still interested in making ''The Wasteland'', but hoped to focus on other projects first. Stating that, "But if for whatever reason the planets align, you can never tell. Too often, you’re lining up to do a movie and then something happens. Some things fall into place and some don’t, so all I can say is we’ll see."
Cast and crew
Cast
Reception
Box office performance
Critical and public response
Audiences surveyed by
CinemaScore
CinemaScore is an American market research firm based in Las Vegas. It surveys film audiences to rate their viewing experiences with letter grades, reports the results, and forecasts box office receipts from the data.
Background
Ed Mintz, who ...
gave both ''
Mad Max: Fury Road'' and ''
Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga'' a grade of "B+" on a scale of A+ to F.
Music
Soundtracks
Awards
Other media
Many licensed products are based on the ''Mad Max'' franchise. Products include novels, comic books, video games, and other materials.
Novels
Novelisations of the first three films have also been published by QB Books. The first two novelisations were written by
Terry Hayes, who ended up co-writing the script for the second film after getting along well with Miller. A novelisation for the third film was written by
Joan D. Vinge.
Video games
''
Mad Max
''Mad Max'' is an Australian media franchise created by George Miller and Byron Kennedy. It centres on a series of post-apocalyptic and dystopian action films. The franchise began in 1979 with '' Mad Max'', and was followed by three sequels: ...
'' is a 1990 video game for the
Nintendo Entertainment System
The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is an 8-bit home video game console developed and marketed by Nintendo. It was first released in Japan on 15 July 1983 as the and was later released as the redesigned NES in several test markets in the ...
developed by
Gray Matter
Grey matter, or gray matter in American English, is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and ...
and published by
Mindscape. It is based on the film ''Mad Max 2'', with the object of the game is to survive life in the post-apocalyptic world by battling
survivalists and collecting resources. Mindscape did develop another ''Mad Max'' game originally titled ''The Road Warrior'' for
Super Nintendo Entertainment System
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System, commonly shortened to Super Nintendo, Super NES or SNES, is a Fourth generation of video game consoles, 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan, 1991 in No ...
and
Sega Genesis
The Sega Genesis, known as the outside North America, is a 16-bit Fourth generation of video game consoles, fourth generation home video game console developed and sold by Sega. It was Sega's third console and the successor to the Master Sys ...
, but due to Mindscape losing the license before completion they changed the title to ''
Outlander'' to avoid legal issues.
''
Mad Max
''Mad Max'' is an Australian media franchise created by George Miller and Byron Kennedy. It centres on a series of post-apocalyptic and dystopian action films. The franchise began in 1979 with '' Mad Max'', and was followed by three sequels: ...
'' is a 2015 video game developed by
Avalanche Studios and published by
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It is based on the setting of ''Mad Max'' and was released for
PlayStation 4
The PlayStation 4 (PS4) is a home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Announced as the successor to the PlayStation 3 in February 2013, it was launched on November 15, 2013, in North America, November 29, 2013, in ...
,
Windows
Windows is a Product lining, product line of Proprietary software, proprietary graphical user interface, graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Microsoft. It is grouped into families and subfamilies that cater to particular sec ...
,
Xbox One
The Xbox One is a home video game console developed by Microsoft. Announced in May 2013, it is the successor to Xbox 360 and the third console in the Xbox#Consoles, Xbox series. It was first released in North America, parts of Europe, Austra ...
,
Linux
Linux ( ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an kernel (operating system), operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically package manager, pac ...
, and
macOS
macOS, previously OS X and originally Mac OS X, is a Unix, Unix-based operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc., Apple since 2001. It is the current operating system for Apple's Mac (computer), Mac computers. With ...
. The titular character was voiced by
Bren Foster.
At the 2024 premiere for ''Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga'', Miller said that he would like for a future Mad Max game to be directed by
Metal Gear
is a Media franchise, franchise of stealth games created by Hideo Kojima. Developed and published by Konami, the first game, ''Metal Gear (video game), Metal Gear'', was released in 1987 for MSX, MSX home computers. The player often takes con ...
creator
Hideo Kojima
is a Japanese video game designer. Regarded as one of the pioneering auteurs of video games, he developed a strong passion for film and literature during his childhood and adolescence, which in turn has had a significant influence on his game ...
. After viewing an advance showing of ''Furiosa'', Kojima wrote on Twitter that he had been a fan of the franchise since he saw the first ''Mad Max'' film when he was sixteen. He added that Miller "is my God, and the SAGA that he tells is my Bible."
Comic books
''Mad Max: Fury Road'' is a limited comic book series created by George Miller,
Nico Lathouris, and Mark Sexton. Serving as a prequel to the 2015 film of the same name, the series focuses on several of the film's characters. It consists of four issues. Beginning in May 2015,
Vertigo
Vertigo is a condition in which a person has the sensation that they are moving, or that objects around them are moving, when they are not. Often it feels like a spinning or swaying movement. It may be associated with nausea, vomiting, perspira ...
published one issue per month, ending in August. A single-volume collection of all of the issues was published on 26 August. Reception of the series has been mixed; some consider it unnecessary and poorly executed, and many harshly criticised the issue centred on
Imperator Furiosa. However, the issue focused on Nux and Immortan Joe and the two issues focused on Max Rockatansky were received more positively. Characters from the comic book series were later adapted to the 2015 ''Mad Max'' video game and the 2024 film ''Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga''.
Other appearances
The trailer for the 2021 film ''
Space Jam: A New Legacy'' revealed the film's inclusion of ''Mad Max'' characters among other Warner Bros. characters in crowd scenes.
In the actual film, in addition to characters being spectators,
Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner appear in the Mad Max world doing their classic chase with Wile E. as a War Boy, before Bugs Bunny and
LeBron James
LeBron Raymone James Sr. ( ; born December 30, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "King James", he is the NBA's all-time leading scorer and ...
show up to get them both. Footage from ''Fury Road'' is featured with the duo edited into it.
Legacy
References
{{Mel Gibson
Action film franchises
Mass media franchises introduced in 1979
Post-apocalyptic fiction
Science fiction film franchises
Australian film series
Australian action adventure films
1970s English-language films
1980s English-language films
2010s English-language films
English-language action adventure films
Films about water scarcity