Mackem

Mackem, Makem or Mak'em a nickname for residents of and people from Sunderland, a city in North East England. It is also a name for the local dialect and accent (not to be confused with Geordie); and for a fan, of whatever origin, of Sunderland A.F.C. It has been used by (a proportion of) the people of Sunderland to describe themselves since the 1980s, prior to which it was mainly used in Tyneside as a disparaging exonym. Prior to the 1980s, the people of Sunderland were known as Geordies, in common with people from Tyneside. An alternative name for a Mackem (except in the sense of a football supporter) is a Wearsider.

According to the British Library, "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie poken in Newcastle upon Tyneand several other local dialects, such as Pitmatic and Mackem. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while Mackem is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside."

Etymology

There is much debate about the origin of the word Mackem, although it has been argued that it may stem from the phrase "Mak ‘em and Tak’em" - with Mak’em being the local pronunciation of "make them" and Tak’em from "take them".

According to the current entry in the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest occurrence of the word Mackem or Mak’em in print was in 1988. However, as evidenced by the attached news articles, the word Mak’em (or Mackem) has been much in evidence for a great many years prior to 1988. Indeed, one of the articles attached dates to 1929.

It has been argued that the expressions date back to the height of Sunderland's shipbuilding history, as the shipwrights would ''make'' the ships, then the maritime pilots and tugboat captains would ''take'' them down the River Wear to the sea – the shipyards and port authority being the most conspicuous employers in Sunderland. A variant explanation is that the builders at Sunderland would build the ships, which would then go to Tyneside to be outfitted, hence from the standpoint of someone from Sunderland, "we make 'em an' they take 'em" – however, this account is disputed (and, indeed, as an earlier form of the name was Mac n' Tac, it seems unlikely). Another explanation is that ships were both built and repaired (i.e. "taken in for repairs") on the Wear. The term could also be a reference to the volume of ships built during wartime on the River Wear, e.g. "We make'em and they sink'em".

Whatever the exact origin of the term, Mackem has come to refer to someone from Sunderland and its surrounding areas, in particular the supporters of the local football team Sunderland AFC, and may have been coined in that context. Newcastle and Sunderland have a history of rivalry beyond the football pitch, the rivalry associated with industrial disputes of the 19th century.

Evidence suggests the term is a recent coinage. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the earliest occurrence of it in print was in 1988. The phrase "we still tak'em and mak'em" was found in a sporting context in 1973 in reference to Sunderland Cricket & Rugby Football Club. While this lends support to the theory that this phrase was the origin of the term "Mak'em", there is nothing to suggest that "mak'em" had come to be applied to people from Sunderland generally at such a date. The name "Mak'em" may refer to the Wearside shipyard workers, who during World War II were brought into shipbuilding and regarded as taking work away from the Geordies on Tyneside.

Characteristics

There has been very little academic work done on the Sunderland dialect. It was a site in the early research by Alexander John Ellis, who also recorded a local song called ''Spottee''. Ellis considered Sunderland as speaking a variant of the North Durham dialect, part of the ‘North Northern’ dialect group that also covers Northumberland and the northernmost part of Cumberland around Carlisle.page 39 of ''On Early English Pronunciation, Part V. The existing phonology of English dialects compared with that of West Saxon speech'', A.J. Ellis, Truebner & Co, London, 188

/ref> Ellis also noted the influence on Sunderland speech from migrants to the area from Ireland and Scotland.

In the Survey of English Dialects, the nearby town of Washington was surveyed. The researcher of the site, Stanley Ellis, later worked with police on analysing the speech in a tape sent to the police during the Yorkshire Ripper investigation, which became known as the Wearside Jack tape because the police switched their investigation to Wearside after Ellis's analysis of the tape.Jack Windsor Lewis
Obituary: Stanley Ellis
''The Guardian'', 13 November 2009

To people outside the region, the differences between Mackem and Geordie dialects often seem marginal, but there are many notable differences. A perceptual dialect study by the University of Sunderland found that locals of the region consider Geordie and Mackem to be separate dialects and identify numerous lexical, grammatical, and phonetic differences between the two. In fact, Mackem is considered to be more closely related to County Durham Pitmatic than to Geordie, with both dialects collectively forming the Central Urban North-Eastern English dialect region. There are even a small but noticeable differences in pronunciation and grammar between the dialects of North and South Sunderland (for example, the word ''something'' in North Sunderland is often ''summik'' whereas a South Sunderland speaker may often prefer ''summat'' and people from the surrounding areas prefer ''summit'').

Phonology

* ''Make'' and ''take'' are pronounced ''mak'' and ''tak'' ( and ) in the most conservative forms of the dialect. This variation is the supposed reason why Tyneside shipyard workers might have coined "Mak'em" as an insult. However, the pronunciation of the word is not confined to Sunderland and can be found in other areas of Northern England and Scotland.
* Many words ending in ''-own'' are pronounced (cf. Geordie: ).
* ''School'' is split into two syllables, with a short in between, . This is also the case for words with a vowel preceding , which are monosyllabic in some other dialects, such as ''cruel'', ''fuel'' and ''fool'', in Mackem which are , and respectively.
* This "extra syllable" occurs in other words spoken in Mackem dialect, i.e. ''film'' is . This feature has led to some words being very differently pronounced in Sunderland. The word ''face'', due to the inclusion of an extra and the contraction thereof, is often pronounced . While and some other cases of this extra vowel have been observed in the Geordie dialect,
*''Book'' rhymes with ''spook'' as in Northumberland and on Tyneside, however, there is a difference in vowel quality between Tyneside and Mackem , or .
* The vowel pronounced as in Received Pronunciation, unlike the rhotic Scots variant. Cf. Geordie .
* Most words that have the vowel are pronounced with a short such as ''after, laughter, pasta.'' However, in the same way as the Geordie dialect, the words ''plaster'' and ''master'' are often pronounced with a long . This is not found in most northern accents apart from in the North East.
* The Mackem accent is different from Geordie in some instances. For example, the pronunciation of ''curry'' is often more like ''cerry.'' As well as this the use of oo in words with the BROWN vowel isn't as frequent as it is in the Geordie accent (Sunderland=town v Newcastle=toon), however, this feature was traditionally found in all dialects north of the Humber-Lune Line.
*In words such as ''green'' and ''cheese'' it has been said that the Sunderland accent has more of a diphthong instead of the standard vowel in most dialects of English.
* H-dropping in words such as ''him, her, half'' is said to be a feature in Sunderland, Butterknowle, Hartlepool and Middlesbrough, but not in other areas of the North East.
* is traditionally clear in all contexts, meaning the velarised allophone is absent.

Grammar

Definite Article

Unlike some Northern English varieties the definite article is never reduced. As in Scots and other Northumbrian dialects the definite article is used in a wider range of contexts than in standard English, including kinship terms, names of institutions, temporal expressions, illnesses, and even numbers.

Indefinite Article

The indefinite article is used with ''one'' in certain contexts.

Modal Verbs

Modals can and will as well as the verb de (do) have uncontracted negative forms.

The use of ''dinnet'' contrasts with Geordie ''divvent''.

Pronouns

Vocabulary

*alang - along
*alarn - alone
*an arl - as well, also (compare Scots an aw)
*an't - aren't
*aye - yes
*beut - boot
*blar - blow
*canny - good or a lot
*card - cold
*clarts - mud
*clip - slap; in a poor state
*clivver - clever
*clout - hit
*dinnar - dunno
*diz - does
*dizn't - doesn't
*fower - four
*fyace, pyat - face
*gan - go
*garn - going (''gannin'' is favoured in surrounding colliery towns)
*gie's - give me
*git - very
*grar - grow
*knar - know
*lang - long
*leet - light
*mair - more
*mak - make
*marra - friend, acquiantance
*nak - hurt
*neet - night
*neen - none
*nivver - never
*owld - old
*pund - pound
*reet - right
*rund - round
*snar - snow
*spelk - splinter
*spuggy - sparrow
*tak - take
*te - to
*telt - told
*tret - treated
*wad - would
*waddent - wouldn’t
*watter - water
*wesh - wash
*wey - well (wey nar = well no)
*whe - who
*whese - whose
*wrang - wrong
*yem - home
*yisterda - yesterday

See also

* Monkey hanger
* Smoggie
* Sandancer

References

Bibliography

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External links

Mackems
Virtual Sunderland

Wear Online – Home of the Mackem Dictionary

{{English dialects by continent

City of Sunderland
British regional nicknames
People from Tyne and Wear
Culture in Tyne and Wear
Languages of the United Kingdom
English language in England