The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of twenty languages in the

Madang Madang (old German name: ''Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen'') is the capital of Madang Province and is a town with a population of 27,420 (in 2005) on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. History Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai was probably the first Eur ...

stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern

Adelbert Range Adelbert Range is a mountain range in Madang Province, north-central Papua New Guinea. The highest point of the mountains is at . The Northern Adelbert languages and Southern Adelbert languages are spoken in the region. Fauna and flora As with ...

of mountains directly opposite

Karkar Island Karkar Island is an oval-shaped volcanic island located in the Bismarck Sea, about off the north coast of mainland Papua New Guinea in Madang Province, from which it is separated by the Isumrud Strait. The island is about in length and in widt ...

, as opposed to the

Southern Adelbert languages The South Adelbert or Southern Adelbert Range languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea, spoken along the tributaries of the Ramu River in the watershed of the Adelbert Range Adelbert Range is a mountain range in Ma ...

, another branch of Madang. Malcolm Ross posited a " linkage" connecting the Northern Adelbert languages with the

Mabuso languages The Mabuso languages are a small family of closely related languages in New Guinea. They were linked with the Rai Coast languages in 1951 by Arthur Capell in his Madang family, which Wurm (1975) included in his Trans–New Guinea (TNG) phylum. ...

, and named this group Croisilles , as the two families bracket Cape Croisilles (Northern Adelbert to the north, Mabuso to the south). However, Ross never claimed Croisilles was an actual language family, and other researchers have rejected the connection.

Languages

There are approximately 20 Northern Adelbert languages. Below is a comparison of Northern Adelbert language names in Pick (2020) and Z'graggen (1980). A few alternate names from Capell (1952) are also given.

Classification

Croisilles was first posited by Malcolm Ross (1995), not as an actual language family, but as a linkage. It was a merger of Wurm's Pihom-Isumrud-Mugil and Mabuso stocks, each of which contained 25–30 languages. Pick (2017, 2020) and Usher reject the merger, and provisionally the inclusion of Mugil (Bargam), though Pick retains the name. Usher disambiguates the (non-Mabuso) family as 'Adelbert Range'.

Usher (2020)

Timothy Usher classifies the languages as follows.Usher, Timothy. 2020
Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait
(NewGuineaWorld) *Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait ** Kowan (Isumrud Strait): Waskia, Korak (Amako) **(North) Adelbert Range *** Yamben ***Omosan (Omosa River):

Pal Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a color encoding system for analog television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 ...

(Abasakur),

Kobol "Kobol's Last Gleaming" is the two-part first-season finale of the reimagined ''Battlestar Galactica'' television series. In the first part, the human fleet discovers the abandoned planet Kobol, the mythical birthplace of humanity, who left her ...

(Koguman) *** Gilagil River (old Isumrud proper) ****

Dimir ''Ravnica'' is a ''Magic: The Gathering'' block that consists of three expert-level List of Magic: The Gathering sets#Expansion sets, expansion sets: ''Ravnica: City of Guilds'' (October 7, 2005), ''Guildpact'' (February 3, 2006), and ''Dissen ...

(Gavak) **** ld Mabuan

Brem Brem is traditional fermented food or fermented beverage from Indonesia. There are two types of brem, brem cake (solid) that is usually eaten as snack from Madiun and Wonogiri, and brem beverage (liquid) made of rice wine from Bali and Nusa T ...

(Bunabun), Malas (Manep) ***Northwest Adelbert Range ( Mount Pihom) **** Kaukombar River: Mala (Pay), Miani (Maiani, Tani),

Maia Maia (; Ancient Greek: Μαῖα; also spelled Maie, ; ), in ancient Greek religion and mythology, is one of the Pleiades and the mother of Hermes, one of the major Greek gods, by Zeus, the king of Olympus. Family Maia is the daughter of A ...

(Pila, Saki) ****Kumil–Timper *****

Kumil River The Kumil River is a river in northern Papua New Guinea. Kumil Riverin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2012-01-17; database downloaded 2015-06-22 See also *List of rivers of Papua New Guinea This is a list of rivers of Papua New Guinea. In al ...

: Bepour, Mauwake (Ulingan), Moere ***** Tiboran River ( Timper River): Musar; Wanambre; Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu (Hinihon) ***Mabulap–Numugen **** '' Amaimon'' (Mabulap) isolate **** Numugen River (see)

Pick (2020)

Below is Andrew Pick's (2020) classification of the Northern Adelbert languages. *Northern Adelbert languages ** Manep–Barem languages: Manep, Barem ** Kumil–Tibor languages ***

Kumil languages The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a language family, family of twenty languages in the Madang languages, Madang stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern Adelbert Range of mountains directly opposite Karkar Island, ...

: Mauwake, Bepour, Moere *** Tibor languages: Pamosu, Hember Avu, Mokati, Mawak, Kowaki **

Numugen languages The Numugen (Numagen) languages are a small family of closely related languages in the Madang branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) phylum of New Guinea, spoken in the region of the Numagen River. The languages are: :Usan 280px, ...

Usan 280px, "Samguk Sagi" Book 04. Silla's Records. In 512, Usan-guk（于山國）was Ulleungdo（鬱陵島） Usan-guk, or the State of Usan, occupied Ulleung-do and the adjacent islands during the Korean Three Kingdoms period. According to t ...

, Karian, Yaben, Yarawata, Parawen, Ukuriguma **

Kaukombar languages The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a family of twenty languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern Adelbert Range of mountains directly opposite Karkar Island, as opposed to the Southern Adelber ...

, Mala, Miani, Maiani ** Gavak

Pick (2017)

A quite similar internal classification was worked out independently by Pick (2017).
video
Pick could not establish regular sound correspondences with Kobol–Pal (Omosan) or Amaimon (Mabulap), and thus leaves them out of the family. *Northern Adelbert **Kumil–Tibor (*t- > s, *p- > f, *ŋ > zero) ***Tibor -n > zero, *a > e **** Mokati (Wanambre) ****(*k- > h, *C- > ��voice Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu, Hember Avu (Musar) *** Kumil k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice *-k > zero">��voice.html" ;"title="k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice">k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice *-k > zero Bepour, Mauwake, Moere ** Kaukombar [*k- *ŋ *-n > zero">Kaukombar languages">Kaukombar [*k- *ŋ *-n > zero Mala, Miani, Maiani,

**Manep–Barem [*-ŋ > n, *-g > ŋ, *wV > u] *** Manep (Malas) *** Barem (Brem) ** Gabak (Dimir) ** Numugen (*ŋ > n, 6 languages) ** Amako–Waskia: Waskia, Korak Pick notes that Barem and Malas share pronominal markers on the verbs 'to teach' and 'to show' that are unique to those two verbs.

Proto-language

phonological reconstruction Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical li ...

of Proto-Northern Adelbert has been proposed by Pick (2020).

Phonology

Pick (2020) reconstructs the phonemes of Proto-Northern Adelbert as: Four vowels are reconstructed by Pick (2020): *a, *e, *i, *u. Although Northern Adelbert languages usually have the five vowels /a e i o u/, Pick (2020) does not consider *o to be reconstructable.

Pronouns

The Proto-Northern Adelbert pronouns are:

Lexicon

Selected lexical reconstructions from Pick (2020) are listed below.

Comparisons

Below is a list of Proto-Northern Adelbert forms that are descended from Proto-Trans–New Guinea.

References

External links

Current research on the Madang languages by Andrew Pick
{{Madang languages Languages of Papua New Guinea Adelbert languages