Maapilim

''Aliyah Bet'' ( he, עלייה ב', "Aliyah 'B'" – bet being the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet) was the code name given to illegal immigration by Jews, most of whom were refugees escaping from Nazi Germany, and later Holocaust survivors, to Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and 1948, in violation of the restrictions laid out in the British White Paper of 1939, which dramatically increased between 1939 and 1948. With the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, Jewish displaced persons and refugees from Europe began streaming into the new sovereign state.

In modern-day Israel it has also been called by the Hebrew term ''Ha'apala'' ( he, הַעְפָּלָה, "Ascension"). The ''Aliyah Bet'' is distinguished from the ''Aliyah Aleph'' ("Aliyah 'A'", Aleph being the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet) which refers to the limited Jewish immigration permitted by British authorities during the same period. The name ''Aliya B'' is also shortened name for ''Aliya Bilty Legalit'' ( he, עלייה בלתי-לגאלית, "illegal immigration").

Organization

During ''Ha'apala'', several emissaries from the Yishuv, Jewish partisans, the Jewish Brigade of the British Army, Zionist youth movements and organizations worked together to facilitate the immigration of Jews escaping from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine beyond the established "White Paper" quotas. As the persecution of Jews dramatically intensified in German-occupied Europe during the Nazi era, the urgency driving the immigration also became more acute.

''Ha'apala'' occurred in two phases. The first one, from 1934 to 1942, was an effort to enable European Jews to escape Nazi persecution and genocide. The second one, from 1945 to 1948, in a stage known as ''Bricha'' ("flight" or "escape"), was an effort to find homes for Jewish survivors of the Nazi crimes (''Sh'erit ha-Pletah'', "Surviving Remnant") who were among the millions of displaced persons ("DPs") languishing in refugee camps scattered across post-war Europe, primarily located in Allied-occupied Germany and Austria, and Italy."

During the first phase, several Zionist organizations (including Revisionists) led the effort; after World War II, the Mossad LeAliyah Bet ("the Institute for Aliyah B"), an arm of the Haganah, took charge. The Palyam, a maritime branch of the Palmach, was given responsibility for commanding and sailing ships from Europe to Mandatory Palestine.

Routes

Post-World War II, ''Ha'apala'' journeys typically started in the DP camps and moved through one of two collection points in the American occupation sector, Bad Reichenhall and Leipheim. From there, the refugees travelled in disguised trucks, on foot, or by train to ports on the Mediterranean Sea, where ships brought them to Palestine. Most of the ships had names such as ''Lo Tafchidunu'' ("You can't frighten us") and ''La-Nitzahon'' ("To the victory") designed to inspire and rally the Jews of Palestine. Some were named after prominent figures in the Zionist movement, and people who had been killed while supporting Aliyah Bet. More than 70,000 Jews arrived in Palestine on more than 100 ships.

American sector camps imposed no restrictions on the movements out of the camps, and American, French, and Italian officials often turned a blind eye to the movements. Several UNRRA officials (in particular Elizabeth Robertson in Leipheim) acted as facilitators of the emigration. The British government vehemently opposed the movement, and restricted movement in and out of their camps. The British set up armed naval patrols to prevent immigrants from landing in Palestine.

History

Over 100,000 people attempted to illegally enter Mandatory Palestine. There were 142 voyages by 120 ships. Over half were stopped by the British patrols. The Royal Navy had eight ships on station in Palestine, and additional ships were tasked with tracking suspicious vessels heading for Palestine. Most of the intercepted immigrants were sent to internment camps in Cyprus: (Karaolos near Famagusta, Nicosia, Dhekelia, and Xylotymbou. Some were sent to the Atlit detention camp in Palestine, and some to Mauritius. The British held as many as 50,000 people in these camps (see Jews in British camps on Cyprus). Over 1,600 drowned at sea. Only a few thousand actually entered Palestine.

The pivotal event in ''Ha'apala'' program was the incident in 1947. ''Exodus'' was intercepted and boarded by a Royal Navy patrol. Despite significant resistance, passengers from ''Exodus'' were forcibly returned to Europe, and eventually put in camps in Germany. This was publicized, to the great embarrassment of the British government.

One account of Aliyah Bet is given by journalist I. F. Stone in his 1946 book ''Underground to Palestine,'' a first-person account of traveling from Europe with displaced persons attempting to reach the Jewish homeland.

Some 250 American veterans, including Murray Greenfield (of the ship ''Hatikva''), from World War II volunteered to sail ten ships ("The Jews' Secret Fleet") from the United States to Europe to load 35,000 survivors of the Holocaust (half of the illegal immigrants to Palestine), only to be deported to detention camps on Cyprus.

Timeline

Before World War II

* In 1934, the first attempt to bring in a large number of illegal immigrants by sea happened when some 350 Jews sailed on the ''Vallos'', a chartered ship, without the permission of the Jewish Agency, who feared illegal immigration would cause the British to restrict legal immigration. She arrived off the coast of Palestine on 25 August, and the passengers disembarked with the help of the Haganah, which received special permission to assist them.
* On 29 July 1939, the '' Colorado'', flying under the Panamanian flag and carrying 378 Jewish refugees from Europe was intercepted by the British; the illegal immigrants were arrested and taken into Haifa.
* On 19 August, the ''Aghios Nicolaus'', a Greek owned ship, transferred 840 immigrants to smaller vessels off the coast and sent them to shore.
* On 23 August, the ''Parita'', carrying some 700 refugees on board, was deliberately beached at Tel Aviv by the passengers, the captain and crew having fled in a small boat.

During World War II

* On 2 September, the ''Tiger Hill'', a 1,499-ton ship built in 1887, was intercepted and fired on by Royal Navy gunboats off Tel Aviv, killing two passengers (Dr Robert Schneider and Zvi Binder); the ship HMCS ''Belleville'' beached on the shore with 1,205 immigrants on board; the ''Tiger Hill'' had sailed from Constanţa, Romania, on 3 August 1939, with about 750 immigrants on board and had taken on board the passengers from the ''Frossoula'', another illegal immigrant ship that was marooned in Lebanon.
* On 16 September, the ''Rudnitchan'' transferred 364 Jewish refugees into five lifeboats outside the territorial waters of the Mandate and sent them ashore as illegal immigrants.
* On 19 September, the '' Noemi Julia'', sailing from Sulina in Romania with 1,130 Jewish refugees from Europe on board was intercepted in the Mediterranean by a British warship and forced to Haifa port; fearing that they would be sent back, the illegal immigrants engaged in passive resistance; the British authorities brought them ashore and held them in a detention camp; they were released a month later.
* On 24–25 November 1939, a large group of immigrants traveled by train from Vienna to Bratislava and about 2 weeks later sailed from there on the riverboat ''Uranus'' down the Danube. At the Romanian border, the three smaller riverboats to which they had been transferred on December 14 on entering Yugoslavia were intercepted and the immigrants were forced to disembark at the old fortress town of Kladovo. About 1,100 refugees were stranded there and came to be known as the Kladovo-Sabac Group. In May 1941, they were still in Yugoslavia, where 915 of them were caught and eventually killed by the invading Nazis. The 800 men were shot by Nazi soldiers in a farmer's field at Zasavica; after the war, the remains of the men were re-interred in a mass grave in the Belgrade Sephardi Cemetery. The women and children were imprisoned in the Sajmiste concentration camp where they perished from hunger, disease, exposure to the bitter cold winter weather, or gassed to death in a mobile gas truck.
* On 18 May 1940 the old Italian paddle steamer ''Pencho'' sailed from Bratislava, with 514 passengers, mostly Betar members. The ''Pencho'' sailed down the Danube to the Black Sea and into the Aegean Sea. On 9 October, her engines failed and she was wrecked off Mytilene, in the Italian-ruled Dodecanese Islands. The Italians rescued the passengers and took them to Rhodes. All but two were then placed in an internment camp at Ferramonti di Tarsia in southern Italy. They were held there until Allied forces liberated the area in September 1943.
* In October 1940, 1,770 Jewish refugees sailed from Tulcea to Haifa in two ships. The arrived off Haifa on 1 November, followed a few days later by the . The Royal Navy intercepted each ship and escorted it into Haifa, where British authorities detained the refugees before transferring them to a requisitioned French ocean liner, the , for deportation to Mauritius. They were followed from Tulcea by another 1,634 refugees aboard the , which arrived on 24 November off Haifa, where the Royal Navy escorted her into harbour. On November 25 the British had just started transferring ''Atlantic''s refugees to ''Patria'' when Haganah agents planted a bomb aboard the French liner with the intention of disabling her to prevent her from sailing. However, the bomb quickly sank ''Patria'', killing 260 people and wounding 172. The survivors were allowed to stay in Palestine on humanitarian grounds.
* In October 1940, a large group of refugees were allowed to leave Vienna. The exodus was organized by Berthold Storfer, a Jewish businessman who worked under Adolf Eichmann on 1 November, followed by the ''Milos''. The British transferred all the immigrants to the French liner to take them for internment to Mauritius. To stop the ''Patria'' from sailing, the Haganah smuggled a bomb aboard. The explosion holed her side, capsizing her and killing 267 people. The British, by order of Winston Churchill, allowed the survivors to remain in Palestine.
* In December 1940 the ''Salvador'', a small Bulgarian schooner formerly named ''Tsar Krum'', left Burgas with 327 refugees. On December 12 the ''Salvador'' was wrecked in a violent storm in the Sea of Marmara, near Istanbul. 223 persons, including 66 children, lost their lives. The survivors were taken to Istanbul. 125 survivors were deported back to Bulgaria, and the remaining 70 left on the ''Darien'' (No. 66).
* On 11 December 1941, the sailed from Constanţa carrying between 760 and 790 refugees. Three days later she reached Istanbul, where Turkey detained her and her passengers for 10 weeks. On 23 February 1942, Turkish authorities towed her back into the Black Sea and cast her adrift. Early the next day the torpedoed and sank her. Between 767 and 791 people were killed, and there was only one survivor.
* On 20 September 1942, the ''Europa'' sailed from Romania with 21 passengers. She was wrecked in the Bosphorus.
* On 21 April 1944, the ''Belasitza'' sailed from Romania with 273 passengers including 120 children, who went from Istanbul to Palestine by sealed train.
* On 5 August 1944, ''Bulbul'', and ''Morino'' sailed from Constanţa carrying about 1,000 refugees between them. In the night the Soviet submarine sank ''Mefküre'' by torpedo and shellfire, and then machine-gunned survivors in the water. Between 289 and 394 refugees plus seven crew were aboard ''Mefküre''; only the crew and five refugees survived. ''Bulbul'' rescued the few survivors and took them to Turkey.

After VE Day

* On 28 August 1945 the Italian fishing vessel ''Dalin'', made in Monopoli, carrying 35 immigrants, landed at Caesarea, disembarked its passengers, and returned to Italy.
* On 4 September 1945, the ''Natan'', carrying 79 immigrants, landed in Palestine, carrying seamen and radio operators from the Palmach and Jewish Agency emissaries on the return trip to Italy. On October 1, 1945, the ''Natan'' again ran the blockade arrived at Shefayim with 73 immigrants.
* On 9 September 1945, the ''Gabriela'', carrying 40 passengers, arrived undetected in Palestine.
* On 17 September 1945, the ''Peter'', carrying 168 immigrants, landed in Palestine undetected by the British. She again slipped into Palestine undetected and arrived at Shefayim on 22 October, this time carrying 174 passengers.
* On 23 November 1945, the ''Berl Katznelson'', carrying 220 Jewish refugees, arrived in Shefayim. As the ship was landing immigrants she was intercepted by the Royal Navy sloop . Of the passengers, 200 reached the beach and escaped, and 20 were arrested.
* On 14 December 1945, the ship ''Hannah Senesh'', carrying 252 passengers, was beached at Nahariya in Palestine after evading Royal Navy patrols. The passengers were brought ashore via a rope bridge, and evaded capture.
* On 17 January 1946, the ''Enzo Sereni'', carrying 908 passengers, was intercepted by the destroyer and escorted to Haifa.
* On 13 March 1946 the schooner ''Wingate'', carrying 248 passengers, ran the blockade and attempted to land. British Palestine Police opened fire from the shore, killing a female Palmach member. The ship was captured and escorted to Haifa by the destroyer .
* On 27 March 1946 the steamer ''Tel Hai'', carrying 736 passengers, was intercepted by the destroyer 140 miles out at sea as it approached Palestine.
* On 13 May 1946, the ''Max Nordau'', carrying 1,754 immigrants, was captured by the destroyers and HMS ''Chequers''. The same day, the ships ''Dov Hos'' (675 passengers) and ''Eliahu Golomb'' (735 passengers) arrived in Palestine legally. The British had blockaded the ''Dov Hos'' after it had arrived in La Spezia, but the passengers responded with a hunger strike and a threat to blow her up, compelling the British to give them entry permits.
* On 8 June 1946, the ''Haviva Reik'', carrying 462 passengers, was intercepted by on 8 June 1946. Some 150 people had previously transferred from the ''Haviva Reik'' to the ''Rafi'' off the Palestinian coast, and the crew had disembarked.
* On 26 June 1946, the ''Josiah Wedgwood'', carrying 1,259 passengers, was intercepted by . The passengers were sent to the internment camp at Atlit.
* On 20 July 1946, the ''Haganah'', carrying 2,678 passengers, departed from France, and transferred 1,108 of its passengers to the small steamer ''Biriah'' west of Crete. The ''Biriah'' was intercepted by on 2 July. The ''Haganah'' picked up a new party of refugees at Bakar, Yugoslavia, and set sail for Palestine, this time also carrying 2,678 passengers total. She was found at sea with engines broken down and no electrical power, and was towed to Haifa by HMS ''Venus''. Her passengers were arrested and interned.
* On 11 August 1946, the ''Yagur'', carrying 758 passengers, was intercepted by the destroyer , with passive resistance from the immigrants.
* On 12 August 1946, the ''Henrietta Szold'', carrying 536 passengers, was intercepted. The same day, the British announced that illegal immigrants would be sent to Cyprus and other areas under detention. The first British deportation ship sailed for Cyprus on the same day, with 500 illegal immigrants on board.
* On 13 August 1946, two immigration ships were intercepted: ''Katriel Jaffe'' (604 passengers) by HMS ''Talybont'', and ''Twenty Three'' (790 passengers) by HMS ''Brissenden''. There was desperate resistance on board ''Twenty Three''. The same day, two British ships with 1,300 Jewish detainees on board set sail for Cyprus. A crowd of about 1,000 Jews attempted to break into the Haifa port area, and British troops responded with live fire, killing three people and wounding seven.
* On 16 August 1946, the yawl ''Amiram Shochat'', carrying 183 passengers, evaded the British blockade and landed near Caesarea.
* On 2 September 1946, the ''Dov Hos'', this time named the ''Arba Cheruyot'', carrying 1,024 passengers, was seized by the destroyers and . The boarding was strongly resisted, and two people drowned after jumping off the ship.
* On 22 September 1946, the brigantine ''Palmach'', 611 passengers, was seized by the minesweeper . The Royal Navy tried to board the ship four times before finally seizing her, and one passenger was killed.
* On 20 October 1946, the ''Eliahu Golomb'', renamed the ''Braha Fuld'', carrying 806 passengers, was captured off Lebanon by the destroyer and minesweeper .
* On 19 October, the ''Latrun'' (1,279 passengers), was intercepted by HMS ''Chivalrous'' and the minesweeper . Four people had died ''en route'', and the ship was leaking and listing heavily when she was intercepted.
* On 9 November 1946, the ''HaKedosha'' (600 passengers), foundered in a gale and sank. The passengers were rescued by the ''Knesset Israel''. The ''Knesset Israel'', carrying a total of 3,845 passengers, was intercepted by the destroyers and HMS ''Brissenden'' and minesweepers HMS Octavia and and taken to Haifa. The interception met no resistance, but in Haifa when the British tried to transfer them to transport ships to take them to Cyprus the refugees resisted fiercely, two were killed and 46 injured.
* On 5 December 1946, the ''Rafiah'' (785 passengers), was wrecked on Syrina Island in bad weather. The survivors were rescued by two Royal Navy and one Greek warship, and were taken to Cyprus. Women and children were taken to Palestine.
* On 9 February 1947, the wooden brigantine ''Lanegev'' (647 passengers) was captured by after a battle which left one refugee dead.

* On 17 February 1947, the steamer ''HaMapil HaAlmoni'' (807 passengers) was intercepted by , captured after a violent battle, and taken in tow by the minesweeper .
* On 27 February 1947, the ''Haim Arlosoroff'', after the name of an assassinated leader of the Jewish Agency (1,378 passengers) was intercepted by Royal Navy destroyer HMS ''Chieftain'', and the passengers put up fierce resistance. The ship ran aground at Bat Galim, south of Haifa, just opposite a British Army camp. The passengers were arrested and deported to Cyprus.''Unalga'' 1912, Cutters, Craft & U.S. Coast Guard-Manned Army & Navy Vessels, U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office
* On 9 March 1947, the ''Ben Hecht'' (597 passengers), the only ship sponsored by the Irgun, was captured without resistance by the destroyers HMS ''Chieftain'', HMS ''Chevron'' and HMS ''Chivalrous''.
* On 12 March 1947, the ''Shabtai Luzinsky'' (823 passengers) ran the blockade and beached itself north of Gaza, where the passengers disembarked, and most escaped a British Army cordon. Hundreds of local residents came down to the beach to mingle with passengers who evaded arrest. Many residents were mistaken for refugees, arrested, and sent to Cyprus, with some 460 locals returned home the following week.
* On 30 March 1947, the ''Moledet'' (1,588 passengers) developed a list and suffered engine failure some 50 miles outside Palestinian waters and issued an SOS. Passengers were transferred to the destroyers HMS ''Haydon'' and , minesweeper HMS ''Octavia'' and frigate , and the Royal Navy towed ''Moledet'' to Haifa.
* On 13 April 1947, the ''Theodor Herzl'' (2,641 passengers) was intercepted by HMS ''Haydon'' and HMS ''St Brides Bay''. Passengers resisted heavily; three were killed and 27 were injured.
* On 23 April 1947, the ''Shear Yashuv'' (768 passengers) was intercepted by destroyer .
* On 17 May 1947, the '' Hatikva'' (1,414 passengers) was intercepted, rammed and captured by the destroyers HMS ''Venus'' and HMS ''Brissenden''.
* On 23 May 1947, the immigrant ship ''Mordei Hagetaot'', carrying 1,457 immigrants, was intercepted and boarded by the Royal Navy off southern Palestine. All of its passengers were arrested.
* On 31 May 1947, the Haganah ship ''Yehuda Halevy'', carrying 399 immigrants, arrived in Palestine under escort after being intercepted by the Royal Navy. The immigrants were immediately transferred to Cyprus.
* On 18 July 1947, the ship , carrying 4,515 immigrants, was intercepted by the cruiser and a flotilla of destroyers. She was rammed and boarded but the immigrants resisted the boarding, and had put up barriers and barbed wire to impede boarding. Two passengers and a crewman were bludgeoned to death, several dozen were injured, and the ship was taken over. The ''Exodus'' was towed to Haifa, where the immigrants were forced onto three deportation ships and taken to France. When the deportation ships docked in Port-de-Bouc, the passengers refused to disembark after the French government announced that it would only allow the immigrants off the ships if they consented. The immigrants were then taken to Germany, forcibly taken off the ships, and sent back to DP camps."18 July 1947, British Soldiers Removing Jews from the Exodus in the Port of Haifa"
Yad Vashem.
* On 28 July 1947, the ''14 Halalei Gesher Haziv'', carrying 685 Eastern European Jews was intercepted by HMS ''Rowena''. The ''Shivat Zion'', carrying 411 North African Jews, was intercepted without resistance by the minesweeper. .
* On 27 September 1947, the ''Af Al Pi Chen'' (434 passengers), was intercepted by HMS ''Talybont'' and taken after violent resistance. One person was killed and ten were injured.
* On 2 October 1947, the '' Medinat HaYehudim'' (2,664 passengers) was intercepted by the Royal Navy. The same day, the ''Geulah'', with 1,385 passengers, was intercepted by HMS ''Chaplet''.
* On 15 November 1947, the ''Peter'', renamed the ''Aliyah'' and carrying 182 passengers, ran the British blockade and beached near Netanya. The passengers, all specially-picked youths, quickly disembarked and escaped.
* On 16 November 1947, the ''Kadima'', a larger ship carrying 794 immigrants, was intercepted by the Royal Navy and brought to Haifa, where its passengers were transferred to the British transport ship HMT ''Runnymede Park'' and taken to Cyprus.

After the UN Partition Resolution

* On 4 December 1947, the ''HaPortzim'' ran the blockade and landed its 167 passengers at the mouth of the Yarkon River.
* On 22 December 1947, the ''Lo Tafchidunu'' (884 passengers) was intercepted by and taken in tow by the sloop .
* On 28 December 1947, the ''29 BeNovember'' (680 passengers) was intercepted by HMS ''Chevron''.
* On 1 January 1948, the ''HaUmot HaMeuhadot'' (537 passengers) ran the blockade and beached herself at Nahariya. 131 passengers were caught, the rest evaded arrest. The same day, the ''Atzmaut'' (7,612 passengers) and the ''Kibbutz Galuyot'' (7,557 passengers) were intercepted by the cruisers and and taken to Cyprus.
* On 31 January 1948, the ''35 Giborei Kfar Etzion'' (280 passengers) was intercepted by HMS ''Childers''.
* On 12 February 1948, the ''Yerushalayim Hanezura'' (679 passengers) was intercepted by HMS ''Cheviot''.
* On 20 February 1948, the ''Lekommemiyut'' (696 passengers) was intercepted by HMS ''Childers''.
* On 28 February 1948, the ''Bonim v'Lochamim'' formerly the ''Enzo Sereni'', (982 passengers) was intercepted off Cape Carmel by HMS ''Venus'' .
* On 29 March 1948, the ''Yehiam'' (771 passengers) was intercepted by the destroyer HMS ''Verulam''.
* On 12 April 1948, the ''Tirat Zvi'' (817 passengers) was intercepted by HMS ''Virago''.
* On 24 April 1948, the ''Mishmar HaEmek'' (782 passengers) was intercepted by HMS ''Chevron'' off Haifa.
* On 26 April 1948, the ''Nakhson'' (553 passengers) was intercepted off Haifa by the sloop after fierce resistance which left a number of people injured.

Conclusion

The success of ''Aliyah Bet'' was modest when measured in terms of the numbers who succeeded in entering Palestine. However, it proved to be a unifying force both for the Jewish community in Palestine (the Yishuv) and for the Holocaust-survivor refugees in Europe (Sh'erit ha-Pletah).

The immigrants who drowned in the sea and whose bodies were found were buried in the National Cemetery in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

See also

* Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
* Jewish Agency for Israel
* Yom HaAliyah

References

Further reading

*
*

External links

Aliyah Bet and Machal Virtual Museum

* United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Aliyah Bet



Aliyah Bet Voyages includes pictures and details of the boats of Aliyah Bet, ports of origin, dates of sailing, dates of arrival in Palestine and the number of immigrants on board.

The background to Aliyah Bet
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222205102/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/educational_materials/shapira_survivors.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki , date=2014-02-22

Jewish Agency for Israel
Yishuv during World War II
Blockades
Jews in Mandatory Palestine
Articles containing video clips
Mandatory Palestine in World War II