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A wire chamber or multi-wire proportional chamber is a type of proportional counter that detects charged particles and photons and can give positional information on their trajectory, by tracking the trails of gaseous ionization. was located via Dr. C.N. Boot
PHY304 Particle Physics Sheffield University
/ref>
The multi-wire chamber uses an array of wires at high voltage ( anode), which run through a chamber with conductive walls held at ground potential ( cathode). Alternatively, the wires may be at ground potential and the cathode held at a high negative voltage; the important thing is that a uniform electric field draws extra electrons or negative ions to the anode wires with little lateral motion.
The chamber is filled with carefully chosen gas, such as an argon/methane mix, such that any ionizing particle that passes through the tube will ionize surrounding gaseous atoms. The resulting ions and electrons are accelerated by the electric field across the chamber, causing a localised cascade of ionization known as a Townsend avalanche. This collects on the nearest wire and results in a charge proportional to the ionisation effect of the detected particle. By computing pulses from all the wires, the particle trajectory can be found.
Adaptations of this basic design are the ''thin gap, resistive plate'' and ''drift'' chambers. The drift chamber is also subdivided into ranges of specific use in the chamber designs known as time projection, microstrip gas, and those types of detectors that use silicon.
If one also precisely measures the timing of the current pulses of the wires and takes into account that the ions need some time to drift to the nearest wire, one can infer the distance at which the particle passed the wire. This greatly increases the accuracy of the path reconstruction and is known as a drift chamber.
A drift chamber functions by balancing the loss of energy from particles caused by impacts with particles of gas with the accretion of energy created with high-energy electrical fields in use to cause the particle acceleration. Design is similar to the multi-wire proportional chamber but with a greater distance between central-layer wires. The detection of charged particles within the chamber is possible by the ionizing of gas particles due to the motion of the charged particle.
The Fermilab detector CDF II contains a drift chamber called the Central Outer Tracker. The chamber contains argon and ethane gas, and wires separated by 3.56-millimetre gaps.Fermilab
photo
Retrieved 2012-02-12
If two drift chambers are used with the wires of one
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archive of links to CLAS drift chambers
Heidelberg lecture on research ionisation chambers
Astroparticle physics Experimental particle physics Ionising radiation detectors Laboratory equipment Nuclear physics Particle detectors CERN
PHY304 Particle Physics Sheffield University
/ref>
Description
The multi-wire chamber uses an array of wires at high voltage ( anode), which run through a chamber with conductive walls held at ground potential ( cathode). Alternatively, the wires may be at ground potential and the cathode held at a high negative voltage; the important thing is that a uniform electric field draws extra electrons or negative ions to the anode wires with little lateral motion.
The chamber is filled with carefully chosen gas, such as an argon/methane mix, such that any ionizing particle that passes through the tube will ionize surrounding gaseous atoms. The resulting ions and electrons are accelerated by the electric field across the chamber, causing a localised cascade of ionization known as a Townsend avalanche. This collects on the nearest wire and results in a charge proportional to the ionisation effect of the detected particle. By computing pulses from all the wires, the particle trajectory can be found.
Adaptations of this basic design are the ''thin gap, resistive plate'' and ''drift'' chambers. The drift chamber is also subdivided into ranges of specific use in the chamber designs known as time projection, microstrip gas, and those types of detectors that use silicon.
Development
In 1968, Georges Charpak, while at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (; ; ), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Gene ...
), invented and developed the multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC). This invention resulted in him winning the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992. The chamber was an advancement of the earlier bubble chamber rate of detection of only one or two particles every second to 1000 particle detections every second. The MWPC produced electronic signals from particle detection, allowing scientists to examine data via computers. The multi-wire chamber is a development of the spark chamber.
Fill gases
In a typical experiment, the chamber contains a mixture of these gases: * argon (about 2/3) *isobutane
Isobutane, also known as ''i''-butane, 2-methylpropane or methylpropane, is a chemical compound with molecular formula HC(CH3)3. It is an isomer of butane. Isobutane is a colourless, odourless gas.
It is the simplest alkane with a tertiary carbon a ...
(just under 1/3)
* freon (0.5%)
The chamber could also be filled with:
*liquid xenon;
*liquid tetramethylsilane
Tetramethylsilane (abbreviated as TMS) is the organosilicon compound with the formula Si(CH3)4. It is the simplest tetraorganosilane. Like all silanes, the TMS framework is tetrahedral. TMS is a building block in organometallic chemistry but also ...
; or
* tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TMAE) vapour.
Use
For high-energy physics experiments, it is used to observe a particle's path. For a long time, bubble chambers were used for this purpose, but with the improvement of electronics, it became desirable to have a detector with fast electronic read-out. (In bubble chambers, photographic exposures were made and the resulting printedphotograph
A photograph (also known as a photo, image, or picture) is an image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are now create ...
s were then examined.) A wire chamber is a chamber with many parallel wires, arranged as a grid and put on high voltage, with the metal casing being on ground potential. As in the Geiger counter
A Geiger counter (also known as a Geiger–Müller counter) is an electronic instrument used for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation. It is widely used in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental ph ...
, a particle leaves a trace of ions and electrons, which drift toward the case or the ''nearest'' wire, respectively. By marking off the wires which had a pulse of current, one can see the particle's path.
The chamber has a very good relative time resolution, good positional accuracy, and ''self-triggered'' operation (Ferbel 1977).
The development of the chamber enabled scientists to study the trajectories of particles with much-improved precision, and also for the first time to observe and study the rarer interactions that occur through particle interaction.
Drift chambers
If one also precisely measures the timing of the current pulses of the wires and takes into account that the ions need some time to drift to the nearest wire, one can infer the distance at which the particle passed the wire. This greatly increases the accuracy of the path reconstruction and is known as a drift chamber.
A drift chamber functions by balancing the loss of energy from particles caused by impacts with particles of gas with the accretion of energy created with high-energy electrical fields in use to cause the particle acceleration. Design is similar to the multi-wire proportional chamber but with a greater distance between central-layer wires. The detection of charged particles within the chamber is possible by the ionizing of gas particles due to the motion of the charged particle.
The Fermilab detector CDF II contains a drift chamber called the Central Outer Tracker. The chamber contains argon and ethane gas, and wires separated by 3.56-millimetre gaps.Retrieved 2012-02-12
orthogonal
In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the geometric notion of ''perpendicularity''.
By extension, orthogonality is also used to refer to the separation of specific features of a system. The term also has specialized meanings in ...
to the wires of the other, both orthogonal to the beam direction, a more precise detection of the position is obtained. If an additional simple detector (like the one used in a veto counter) is used to detect, with poor or null positional resolution, the particle at a fixed distance before or after the wires, a tri-dimensional reconstruction can be made and the speed of the particle deduced from the difference in time of the passage of the particle in the different parts of the detector. This setup gives us a detector called a time projection chamber (TPC).
For measuring the velocity of the electrons in a gas (drift velocity
In physics, a drift velocity is the average velocity attained by charged particles, such as electrons, in a material due to an electric field. In general, an electron in a conductor will propagate randomly at the Fermi velocity, resulting in an a ...
) there are special drift chambers, velocity drift chambers, which measure the drift time for a known location of ionisation.
See also
* Wilson chamber * Bubble chamber * Gaseous ionization detector * Micropattern gaseous detector * Particle detectorReferences
{{Reflist, 30emExternal links
hypermail_
archive of links to CLAS drift chambers
Heidelberg lecture on research ionisation chambers
Astroparticle physics Experimental particle physics Ionising radiation detectors Laboratory equipment Nuclear physics Particle detectors CERN