HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The MV Agusta 500 four-cylinder (1973–1976) was a racing motorcycle manufactured by the
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
company
MV Agusta MV Agusta (, full name: MV AGUSTA Motor S.p.A., original name: Meccanica Verghera Agusta or MV) is an Italian high end motorcycle manufacturer. It was founded by Domenico Agusta, Count Domenico Agusta on 19 January 1945 as one of the branches of ...
, for competing in the 500 cc series, the premier class of the
FIM FIM may refer to: Organizations and companies * Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme, the International Motorcycling Federation * Flint Institute of Music, in Michigan, United States * Fox Interactive Media, now News Corp. Digital Media * ...
World Motorcycle Championship. With this motorcycle MV Agusta won the 1973 constructor's world champion and
Phil Read Phillip William Read, (1 January 1939 – 6 October 2022) was an English professional motorcycle racer. He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing from 1961 to 1976. Read is notable for being the first competitor to win world championship ...
won the 1973 and 1974 500 cc riders world championships.


Development and Technology

MV Agusta's famous racing machine, the three-cylinder or Tre, had powered
Giacomo Agostini Giacomo Agostini (; born 16 June 1942) is an Italian former professional motorcycle road racer and racing team manager. He competed in the FIM Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championships from 1963 to 1977, most prominently as a member of ...
to the world champion every year from 1966 to 1972. In the 1972 season, the Tre was only just powerful enough to beat the newly created competition of
two-stroke A two-stroke (or two-stroke cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes a power cycle with two strokes of the piston, one up and one down, in one revolution of the crankshaft in contrast to a four-stroke engine which re ...
motorcycles from
Yamaha Yamaha may refer to: People * Torakusu Yamaha, a Japanese businessman and founder of the Yamaha Corporation Companies * Yamaha Corporation, a Japanese musical instrument and audio equipment manufacturer ** Yamaha Music Foundation, an organi ...
and
Suzuki is a Japanese multinational mobility manufacturer headquartered in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka. It manufactures automobiles, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), outboard motor, outboard marine engines, wheelchairs and a va ...
. For the 1973 season, the existing 350 cc
four-cylinder The engine configuration describes the fundamental operating principles by which internal combustion engines are categorized. Piston engines are often categorized by their cylinder layout, valves and camshafts. Wankel engines are often categoriz ...
was bored to 433 cc, which could reach higher engine speeds than the three-cylinder. The new engine produced at 14,000 rpm. This almost matched the performance of the old Tre, which had reached the limit of its development.
Arturo Magni Arturo Magni (Usmate Velate, 24 September 1925 - Samarate, 2 December 2015) was an Italians, Italian engineer racing team manager and entrepreneur. Early life Arturo Magni was born in Usmate Velate, near Milan in the Lombardy Regions of Italy, r ...
, race director and chief engineer at MV, failed to achieve the necessary reliability with the smaller, lighter engine. The
helicopter A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which Lift (force), lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning Helicopter rotor, rotors. This allows the helicopter to VTOL, take off and land vertically, to hover (helicopter), hover, and ...
division of
Agusta Agusta was an Italian helicopter manufacturer. It was based in Samarate, Northern Italy. The company was founded by Count Giovanni Agusta in 1923, who flew his first aeroplane in 1907. The MV Agusta motorcycle manufacturer began as an offshoot ...
under Dr. Bocchi, who had previously developed twelve-cylinder engines for
Lamborghini Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. ( , ), usually referred to as Lamborghini or colloquially Lambo, is an Italian manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its su ...
and
Ferrari Ferrari S.p.A. (; ) is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded in 1939 by Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988), the company built Auto Avio Costruzioni 815, its first car in 1940, adopted its current name in 1945, and be ...
, was asked for help. Bocchi continued to develop the engine. The camshaft was driven via gears, previously on the side of the cylinder block, was now arranged between cylinders 2 and 3 as in the previous engines. The four-cylinder had a width of 40 cm and a
dry weight Vehicle weight is a measurement of wheeled motor vehicles; either an actual measured weight of the vehicle under defined conditions or a gross weight rating for its weight carrying capacity. Curb or kerb weight Curb weight (American English) or k ...
of 55 kg. The light metal cylinders were cast in a single block. The one piece cast
cylinder head In a piston engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders, forming the roof of the combustion chamber. In sidevalve engines the head is a simple plate of metal containing the spark plugs and possibly heat dissipation fins. In more modern ...
had pent-roof shaped
combustion chamber A combustion chamber is part of an internal combustion engine in which the air–fuel ratio, fuel/air mix is burned. For steam engines, the term has also been used for an extension of the Firebox (steam engine), firebox which is used to allow a mo ...
s. The two inlet valves were 20.5 mm and two outlet valves 16 mm diameter. The
valves A valve is a device or natural object that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, ...
were operated by bucket
tappet A tappet or valve lifter is a valve train component which converts rotational motion into linear motion in activating a valve. It is most commonly found in internal combustion engines, where it converts the rotational motion of the camshaft into ...
s and closed with double nested coil springs, the valve angle was 55 degrees. Bore was increased to 58 mm and stroke to 47 mm to give a 497 cc displacement.


Technical data


Racing history


1973

The new four-cylinder was introduced in
1973 Events January * January 1 – The United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Denmark 1973 enlargement of the European Communities, enter the European Economic Community, which later becomes the European Union. * January 14 - The 16-0 19 ...
, but the machine was unreliable, so that the three-cylinder machine was often used. Initially, the four-cylinder had a single front disc and spoked wheels. A 3.00-18 front
tire A tire (North American English) or tyre (Commonwealth English) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a Rim (wheel), wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide Traction (engineeri ...
was used, and, depending on circuit, a 3.25, 3.50 or 3.75-18 rear tyre. It was a difficult year for MV Agusta and especially so for Giacomo Agostini. They had attracted
Phil Read Phillip William Read, (1 January 1939 – 6 October 2022) was an English professional motorcycle racer. He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing from 1961 to 1976. Read is notable for being the first competitor to win world championship ...
as "second driver", but he did not accept a supporting role. Moreover, the four-cylinder two-stroke Yamaha TZ 500 appeared, on which
Jarno Saarinen Jarno Karl Keimo Saarinen (11 December 1945 – 20 May 1973) was a Finnish professional Motorcycle racer. He competed in the FIM Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championships from 1968 to 1971 as Yamaha privateer, before receiving the Yamaha ...
won the first two GPs. Agostini still trusted the three-cylinder, but in the first race he was beaten by Read on the four-cylinder. In the GP of Germany, Read won after Saarinen, Kanaya (both Yamaha) and Agostini had dropped out. After the fatal accident in Monza, where Saarinen and
Renzo Pasolini Renzo Pasolini (18 July 1938 – 20 May 1973), nicknamed "Paso", was an Italian professional motorcycle road racer. He competed in the FIM Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championships from 1964 to 1972. Although he never won a world champ ...
died, the 500 cc race was cancelled and Yamaha withdrew for the remainder of the season. As previously agreed, the top riders stayed away from the
Isle of Man TT The Isle of Man TT or Tourist Trophy races are an annual motorcycle racing event run on the Isle of Man in May and June of most years since its inaugural race in 1907 Isle of Man TT, 1907. The event begins on the UK Spring Bank Holiday at the e ...
, meaning the next race would be in Yugoslavia. However, due to a controversial decision by team leader Magni, the MV drivers were not allowed to drive. He was not convinced of the safety of the track, which was approved by a delegation of four drivers, including Agostini. In the TT of Assen, Agostini dropped out again and Read won. Agostini won in Belgium and Czechoslovakia, but Read still had a comfortable lead in points and Ago was behind
Kim Newcombe Kim Newcombe (2 January 1944 – 14 August 1973), was a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from New Zealand. Biography Born in Nelson, Newcombe grew up in Auckland, then moved to Australia (first Brisbane, then Melbourne) in 1963, and subsequen ...
and
Jack Findlay Cyril John Findlay (5 February 1935 – 19 May 2007) was an Australian professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He is noted for having one of the longest racing careers in Grand Prix history spanning 20 years, as well as one of five ri ...
in the rankings. Read became the world champion at the Grand Prix of Sweden. He had driven the new four-cylinder for most of the season. Agostini was third in the World Motorcycle Championship.


1974

After the surprising departure of Agostini to Yamaha (he felt with Read in the team he was no longer the No 1 rider),
Gianfranco Bonera Gianfranco Bonera (born 2 April 1945 in Porpetto, Province of Udine) is an Italian former Grand Prix motorcycle racing, Grand Prix motorcycle road racing, road racer. His best year was in 1974 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, 1974 when he won ...
joined Phil Read at MV. Bonera, however, was primarily engaged to win the Italian championship title. The four-cylinder was a now a considerable improvement on the three-cylinder, but in
1974 Major events in 1974 include the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis and the resignation of United States President Richard Nixon following the Watergate scandal. In the Middle East, the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War determined politics; ...
there was much more competition. Yamaha now had the updated YZR 500 factory racer, but a whole fleet of TZ 500 production racers also appeared. In addition,
Barry Sheene Barry Steven Frank Sheene (11 September 1950 – 10 March 2003) was a British professional motorcycle racer and television sports presenter. He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing between and , most prominently as a member of the Su ...
, Paul Smart and Jack Findlay launched the new
Suzuki RG 500 The Suzuki RG 500 road racing motorcycle was produced by Japanese manufacturer Suzuki to compete in the 500cc class of Grand Prix motorcycle racing from 1974 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, 1974 to 1980 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, 1 ...
. Agostini had switched to Yamaha. Both Read and Bonera were unhappy with the bike's chassis. A central rear suspension was tried along with new
Ceriani Ceriani, formerly Arces, was an Italian company that designed and fabricated motorcycle frames and suspensions. The company was founded by Arturo Ceriani in 1951. Arces is an acronym derived from Arturo Ceriani S.r.l. In the European motorcycl ...
forks. A 4.50-18 rear wheel slick was experimented with. Probably no other racing model by MV Agusta has been modified so frequently. MV Agusta stopped the 350cc class early in the season, allowing them to concentrate fully on the 500cc class. In the season opening French GP, for the first time in years, there was a battle between three brands, which was won by Phil Read after Agostini dropped out. The top drivers boycott the Grand Prix of Germany. In Assen, three brands were on the first row: Yamaha (
Teuvo Länsivuori Teuvo Pentti "Tepi" Länsivuori (born 9 December 1945) is a Finns, Finnish former professional motorcycle road racing, road racer. He competed in the Grand Prix motorcycle racing, Grand Prix world championships from 1969 Grand Prix motorcycle rac ...
and Giacomo Agostini), MV Agusta (Phil Read) and Suzuki (Barry Sheene). Agostini won this race, but in Belgium he was again second behind Read. There he drove the new YZR 500, but the MV Agusta was also new and finally had a full 500cc engine. Due to falls in Sweden, Agostini and Sheene lost their chance for the world title. Phil Read came second there, but his win at the Grand Prix of Finland clinched the world title for MV Agusta again. Bonera finished second in the final ranking of the world championship. A decision of the FIM to reduce the sound volume of the racing machines in the future to 113 dB(A), would be particularly problematic for the four-stroke MV Agusta. Two-stroke were easier to dampen without sacrificing performance with a revision to the
expansion chamber On a two-stroke engine A two-stroke (or two-stroke cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes a Thermodynamic power cycle, power cycle with two strokes of the piston, one up and one down, in one revolution of the ...
. The four-cylinder MV Agusta was measured at between 125 and 130 dB(A) on unrestricted exhaust pipes. Read and Agostini drove with earplugs to endure the noise.


1975

Although they had obtained the first two places in the previous year's world championship, the opposition for the MV Agustas was becoming stronger. The FIM had committed to long races. The two-stroke machines had to make fuel stops or mount larger, heavier tanks which favored the MV Agusta four-stroke. Read was not at all satisfied with the handling of the four-cylinder machine. A tubular frame was installed instead of the old demountable double loop frame to achieve higher chassis stability. A wider swingarm was also used to allow a slick tire on the rear. Gianfranco Bonera broke a leg during the preseason and had to be replaced by Armando Toracca. Giacomo Agostini, sought rapprochement with the MV team, but was still employed by Yamaha. Toracca disliked "second driver" status and forced Read to fight for third place in the opening race, causing them to lose a lot of time to Agostini and Kanaya with their Yamahas. In Austria, Read was only third behind Kanaya and Länsivuori (Suzuki). On the Hockenheim circuit, pure speed was important and as a result Read was able to compete with Agostini, but Agostini won. In Imola, Read had no chance against Agostini and in Assen he was only third. In Belgium, another speed circuit, Read won. Moreover, Agostini dropped out, as did the now fit Bonera and Barry Sheene. Read became second behind Sheene in Sweden but dropped out in Finland, the first technical failure for MV that season. As a result, the world title battle was still open at the start of the last GP (Czechoslovakia). Agostini had to make a fuel stop and Read won the race, but Agostini's second place was enough for him to clinch the world title, the first time on a two-stroke machine in the 500cc class.


1976

In 1976, Agostini returned to MV Agusta, as Yamaha officially retired from racing in late 1975; Read, previously No. 1 rider at MV, switched to Suzuki. Agostini did not have a usual factory contract, the MV Agustas were delivered to the "Marlboro-Api Racing Team", but with the entire team of factory engineers support at races. The FIM introduced the new noise limit of 113 dB(A) and the MV was fitted with a redesigned cylinder head and
muffler A muffler (North American and Australian English) or silencer (British English) is a device for reducing the noise emitted by the exhaust of an internal combustion engine—especially a noise-deadening device forming part of the exhaust syst ...
s to meet the limit. The beginning of the season was disappointing for MV and Agostini, and not once did Agostini make it onto the podium. The two-stroke Suzuki were superior in performance and now so stable that Barry Sheene was undisputed champion. The season started so poorly that Agostini used a Suzuki RG 500 after the second race. Only in the last race of the season, on August 29, 1976, at the Nürburgring-Nordschleife in Germany, did the MV Agusta appear again, now equipped with lighter
piston A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors, hydraulic cylinders and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder (engine), cylinder a ...
s and a lighter
crankshaft A crankshaft is a mechanical component used in a reciprocating engine, piston engine to convert the reciprocating motion into rotational motion. The crankshaft is a rotating Shaft (mechanical engineering), shaft containing one or more crankpins, ...
. Agostini won the race with it, in difficult conditions, finishing 52 seconds ahead of second placed
Marco Lucchinelli Marco Lucchinelli (born 26 June 1954) is an Italian former professional motorcycle racer and television sports presenter. He competed in Grand Prix motorcycle racing between and . He was 1981 FIM Road Racing World Champion as a member of the G ...
on a Suzuki, after 7 laps. This was the last 500 cc GP race victory by a four-stroke in direct comparison to two-stroke racing engines.


Withdrawal from racing

After the last race at the Nürburgring, MV Agusta officially retired from motorsport. After 30 years of motorsport, the new majority shareholder did not want to invest more money in the racing department of the financially troubled company. A four-cylinder boxer engine with
water cooling file:KKP Auslauf.jpg, Cooling tower and water discharge of a nuclear power plant Water cooling is a method of heat removal from components and industrial equipment. Evaporative cooling using water is often more efficient than air cooling. Water i ...
mounted with the crankshaft sitting transversely in the frame and the engine casing as a load bearing element was in development, but never progressed beyond a prototype. In 1978
Cagiva Cagiva is an Italian motorcycle manufacturer. It was founded in 1950 by Giovanni Castiglioni in Varese, originally producing small metal components. Giovanni's sons, Claudio and Gianfranco Castiglioni, went into the motorcycle industry in 1978. ...
unsuccessfully tried to purchase the MV Augusta racers as the basis for their own racing team.


References


Bibliography

* * * * * {{MV Agusta 500 Four Grand Prix motorcycles Motorcycles introduced in 1973