__NOTOC__ MACS0647-JD is a

galaxy A galaxy is a Physical system, system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar medium, interstellar gas, cosmic dust, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek ' (), literally 'milky', ...

with a spectroscopic

redshift In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). The opposite change, a decrease in wavelength and increase in frequency and e ...

of ''z'' = 10.17, equivalent to a light travel distance of 13.34 billion

light-year A light-year, alternatively spelled light year (ly or lyr), is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equal to exactly , which is approximately 9.46 trillion km or 5.88 trillion mi. As defined by the International Astr ...

s (4 billion

parsec The parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure the large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System, approximately equal to or (AU), i.e. . The parsec unit is obtained by the use of parallax and trigonometry, and ...

s). It formed about 460 million years after the

Big Bang The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. Various cosmological models based on the Big Bang concept explain a broad range of phenomena, including th ...

Hubble spots candidate for most distant known galaxy

Details

JD refers to ''J-band Dropout'' – the galaxy was not detected in the so-called J-band (F125W), nor in 14 bluer Hubble filters. It only appeared in the two reddest filters (F140W and F160W). It is less than 600 light-years wide, and contains roughly a billion stars. The galaxy was discovered with the help of Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH), which uses massive

galaxy cluster A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, with typical masses ranging from 1014 to 1015 solar masses. Clusters consist of galax ...

s as cosmic telescopes to magnify distant galaxies behind them, an effect called

gravitational lensing A gravitational lens is matter, such as a galaxy cluster, cluster of galaxies or a point particle, that bends light from a distant source as it travels toward an observer. The amount of gravitational lensing is described by Albert Einstein's Ge ...

. Observations were recorded by the

Wide Field Camera 3 The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) is the Hubble Space Telescope's last and most technologically advanced instrument to take images in the visible spectrum. It was installed as a replacement for the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 during the first ...

on the

Hubble Space Telescope The Hubble Space Telescope (HST or Hubble) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. It was not the Orbiting Solar Observatory, first space telescope, but it is one of the largest and most ...

, with support from the

Spitzer Space Telescope The Spitzer Space Telescope, formerly the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), was an infrared space telescope launched in 2003, that was deactivated when operations ended on 30 January 2020. Spitzer was the third space telescope dedicate ...

. The location of the galaxy is in the constellation

Camelopardalis Camelopardalis is a large but faint constellation of the northern sky representing a giraffe. The constellation was introduced in 1612 or 1613 by Petrus Plancius. Some older astronomy books give Camelopardalus or Camelopardus as alternative form ...

, which is also the location of the gravitational lensing cluster that helped discover this galaxy: MACSJ0647+7015 at ''z'' = 0.591. MACS0647-JD was announced in November 2012, but by the next month

UDFj-39546284 __NOTOC__ UDFj-39546284 is a high-redshift Lyman-break galaxy discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in infrared Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF) observations in 2009. The object, located in the Fornax constellation, was identified by G. Illingw ...

, which was previously thought to be ''z'' = 10.3, was said to be at ''z'' = 11.9, although more recent analyses have suggested the latter is likely to be at a lower redshift. Infrared

NIRCam NIRCam (Near-InfraRed Camera) is an instrument aboard the James Webb Space Telescope. It has two major tasks, as an imager from 0.6 to 5 micrometre, μm wavelength, and as a wavefront sensor to keep the 18-section mirrors functioning as one ...

imaging of MACS0647-JD by the

James Webb Space Telescope The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope designed to conduct infrared astronomy. As the largest telescope in space, it is equipped with high-resolution and high-sensitivity instruments, allowing it to view objects too old, Lis ...

(JWST) in September 2022 determined a photometric redshift of , in agreement with the previous Hubble estimate. Additional spectroscopic observations by JWST will be needed to accurately confirm the redshift of MACS0647-JD.

Spectroscopy by JWST

and

NIRSpec The NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) is one of the four scientific instruments flown on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The JWST is the follow-on mission to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and is developed to receive more information ...

observations of MACS0647-JD were performed in 2023 by the

James Webb space telescope The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope designed to conduct infrared astronomy. As the largest telescope in space, it is equipped with high-resolution and high-sensitivity instruments, allowing it to view objects too old, Lis ...

. The massive gravity of the MACS0647

acts as a cosmic lens to bend and magnify the light from the more distant MACS0647-JD galactic system. Because of this

of the massive galaxy cluster MACS0647, the image of MACS0647-JD appears in three separate locations: JD1, JD2, and JD3. The three lensed images are magnified by factors of eight, five and two, respectively. The NIRCam imaging observations were able to spatially resolve the galaxy MACS0647-JD into two components A and B.

Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra. In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of color as generalized from visible light to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Spectro ...

of component A yields a

spectroscopic redshift In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). The opposite change, a decrease in wavelength and increase in frequency and e ...

of z = 10.17 based on 7 resolve emission lines in the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) and blue optical: CIII] λλ 1907,1909, IIλ3727, e IIIλ3869, e IIIλ3968, Hδ λ4101, Hγ λ4340, et IIIλ4363 . The MACS0647-JD galaxy, given its spectral shift, is therefore observed just 460 million years after the Big Bang. MACS0647-JD has a stellar mass log(''M''⋆/ ''M''_⊙) = 8.1 ± 0.3, which is equivalent to 126 million solar masses.

References

External links

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NASA Great Observatories Find Candidate for Most Distant Object in the Universe to Date
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European Space Agency The European Space Agency (ESA) is a 23-member International organization, international organization devoted to space exploration. With its headquarters in Paris and a staff of around 2,547 people globally as of 2023, ESA was founded in 1975 ...

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Galaxy cluster MACS J0647.7+7015

[CZC2013
MACS0647-JD1">ZC2013">[CZC2013
MACS0647-JD1at SIMBAD Astronomical Database {{DEFAULTSORT:MACS0647-JD Camelopardalis Dwarf galaxies

Details

Spectroscopy by JWST

See also

References

External links